Lecture 1 8/21/24

Question 1

What is the basic function of the CV system?

Answer 1

pump blood in order to meet metabolic needs while maintaining adequate perfusion pressure and low filling pressures

Question 2

How does the cardiac output of the left and right heart compare over time?

Answer 2

they are equal over time

Question 3

How do systemic and pulmonary circulation differ in terms of O2 and pressure?

Answer 3

-systemic circ. has high O2, high pressure
-pulmonary circ. has low O2, low pressure

Question 4

How does the geometry of the ventricles differ?

Answer 4

-right vent. has pyramidal geometry
-left vent. has cylindrical geometry

Question 5

What is resistance?

Answer 5

measure of opposition to electrical current

Question 6

What is the equation for BP?

Answer 6

BP = CO x VR

Question 7

How does vessel radius impact resistance and pressure?

Answer 7

increased radius leads to decreased resistance and less pressure needed for flow

Question 8

What is stroke volume?

Answer 8

volume of blood that the heart ejects each systole

Question 9

What is cardiac output?

Answer 9

volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

Question 10

What are the determinants of cardiac output?

Answer 10

-heart rate
-preload
-afterload
-contractility

Question 11

What is preload?

Answer 11

force that stretches the myocardium prior to contraction

Question 12

What is the relation between heart rate and cardiac output?

Answer 12

direct

Question 13

What is the relationship between cardiac output and preload?

Answer 13

direct

Question 14

What is afterload?

Answer 14

force that opposes ventricular ejection

Question 15

What is the relationship between cardiac output and afterload?

Answer 15

inverse

Question 16

What is the relationship between contractility and cardiac output?

Answer 16

direct

Question 17

What is contractility?

Answer 17

strength of the myocardium

Question 18

What is heart failure?

Answer 18

-impaired emptying or filling of the heart
-leads to clinical signs of exercise intolerance and/or congestion

Question 19

How does heart failure differ from heart disease?

Answer 19

heart failure is a syndrome that can result from any heart disease

Question 20

What is Stage A heart failure?

Answer 20

predisposed to the development of heart failure

Question 21

What is Stage B1/B2 heart failure?

Answer 21

-subclinical structural heart disease
-chamber enlargement in B2 stage

Question 22

What is Stage C heart failure?

Answer 22

-structural heart disease
-current or prior clinical signs

Question 23

What is Stage D heart failure?

Answer 23

refractory heart failure

Question 24

What are the possible anatomical classifications of heart failure?

Answer 24

-pericardial
-myocardial
-endocardial/valvular
-conduction system

Question 25

What are the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of heart failure?

Answer 25

-volume overload
-pressure overload
-contractile dysfunction
-diastolic dysfunction
-arrhythmias
-high cardiac output states

Question 26

What are the characteristics of eccentric hypertrophy?

Answer 26

-response to volume overload
-in-series replication of sarcomeres
-hypertrophy and dilation
-increased diastolic volume
-preserved ratio of wall thickness to lumen

Question 27

What are the characteristics of concentric hypertrophy?

Answer 27

-response to pressure overload
-parallel replication of sarcomeres
-hypertrophy without dilation
-normal diastolic volume
-increased ratio of wall thickness to lumen