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Marion Chem Mlab124 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Urinary System 3 main functions

A

Elimination of waste products – as urine (95% water, 5% waste)
Regulation of homeostasis
Production of hormones

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2
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
One urinary bladder
One urethra

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3
Q

Nephrons

A

The structural and functional unit of the kidneys
Responsible for forming urine through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Main structures of the nephrons
Glomerulus – Cluster of blood capillaries
Bowman’s capsules

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4
Q

Composition of Urine

A

Always contain water, urea, uric acid, creatinine and sodium chloride

Diabetes mellitus – positive glucose urine test

Normal adult excretes approximately 750 to 2000 mL of urine per day

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5
Q

Collection of Urine Specimens

A

Urine pregnancy testing, require a first-voided, midstream morning specimen
Test for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – review urine and blood tests
Presence of urinary tract infection (UTI), require a clean-catch midstream specimen

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6
Q

Random Specimen

A

Commonly used for R&M (Routine and Microscopic Urinalysis )

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7
Q

First-Voided Morning Specimen (fasting)

A

Contains the greatest concentration of dissolved substances

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8
Q

Clean-Catch Midstream Specimen (CCMSU)

A

Required for culture and bacterial examination – C&S

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9
Q

24-Hour Urine Specimen

A

Know collection procedure

Measured substances include – Hormones, creatinine/clearance, protein, urea nitrogen

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10
Q

Urine Analyzer

A

Automatic chemical examination of urine with reagent strips

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11
Q

Refractometer / (Total solids meter)

A

Specific Gravity determination

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12
Q

Urinometer

A

Specific Gravity determination

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13
Q

Clinitest done why?

A

Sugars (Reducing Substances

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14
Q

Acetest done why

A

Ketone

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15
Q

Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) done why

A

Protein

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16
Q

Ictotest done why

A

Bilirubin

17
Q

Fecal Occult Blood

A

Fecal screening to detect small invisible quantities of blood (hemoglobin) in stool
Detect bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and screen for colon cancer
Require three separate stool samples taken on 3 consecutive days
Should not eat red meat for 3 days prior to the test

18
Q

Serous fluid composed of?

A

pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities

19
Q

Blood Glucose

A

Glucose is the main carbohydrate in blood and the primary source of energy for body cells
It is absorbed by body cells with the intervention of the hormone insulin
Disorders of glucose metabolism:
Diabetes mellitus / hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia

20
Q

Glucose Test

A

Glucose test is most often used in diagnosing and managing diabetes and hypoglycemia
Must specify if specimen is random or fasting
Most laboratories measure serum/plasma glucose levels
Separate serum/plasma from cells ASAP
Blood cells metabolize glucose
Result in false low glucose value

Collect samples in a grey top tube
Potassium oxalate anticoagulant
Sodium fluoride to inhibit glycolysis

21
Q

Testing methods use the enzymes

A

Glucose oxidase, hexokinase or glucose dehydrogenase

The reagent strips utilize glucose oxidase

22
Q

Diabetes and Hypoglycemia —test

A

Fasting Blood Glucose - (8 – 12 hrs. fast)
(Oral) Glucose Tolerance Test – OGTT –
Post consumption
Random
Urine
HbA1c / glycated hemoglobin – use EDTA whole blood

23
Q

Quality Assessment – QA / Quality Control - QC

A

Program to include the evaluation of:
Preanalytical factors
Analytical factors
Postanalytical factors
QC - Accomplished with the use of standards, controls and statistical analysis
Controls – Known, unknown, in-house
Definitions - Accuracy, Precision, Mean Value, Mode, Median

24
Q

Proficiency testing

A

QMPLS/IQMH (Quality Management Program Laboratory Services/Institute for Quality Management in Healthcare)
Monitor the proficiency of labs throughout Ontario

25
Q

Standard Deviation (SD)

A

Definition and use of SD (1, 2, 3 SD); % within 1SD, 2SD, 3SD
A ± 2 SD limit is commonly used to accept or reject control values

26
Q

Point-of-Care Testing – POCT

A

Diagnostic testing at or near the site of patient care
Use small, portable analyzers that give rapid, reliable test results
Analysis include
Hematology, urinalysis, coagulation, chemistry, microbiology and immunological tests
Require a small amount of blood (one or two drops of capillary blood)

27
Q

Clinical Chemistry Tests

A

Test performed on blood and other body fluids
Blood and Urine – most commonly tested in Clinical Chemistry laboratory
Review specimen and collection techniques
Specimen must be free from hemolysis
Falsely elevated results – K+, LD, AST, Mg+ , RBC Folate, Vitamin B12
Refrigerate specimen at 40C if testing is delayed

Units of measurement – SI units
Analytes – millimoles per liter – mmol/L
Enzymes – units per liter – U/L
Therapeutic Drugs – often in mg/dl

28
Q

Electrolytes / “Lytes”

A

Electrolytes – ions in body fluids
Measurement of electrolytes include:
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
Maintain fluid and acid-base balance

29
Q

Trace Elements

A

Ca, PO4, Mg, Uric Acid

Calcium
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption and use of calcium

30
Q

Profiles

A

Group of tests performed to determine the condition of patients, function of tissues or systems
Profiles include – Kidney/renal, liver/hepatic, cardiac, lipid, thyroid

31
Q

Therapeutic Drug Screening/Monitoring

A

To determine the presence or absence of specified drugs or their metabolites
Specimen in Biochemistry lab – blood (serum) and/or urine
Could also include hair, sweat, saliva

32
Q

Anemia

A

Biochemistry related tests: (Serum)
Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), Ferritin, B12 Folate, RBC folate, … (CBC)
RBC folate – EDTA sample

33
Q

Blood Alcohol Collection

A

Ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, acetone:

No alcohol swab during venipuncture ( e.g. 70% isopropanol, 70% ethanol)

34
Q

72 Hour Fecal Fat Collection

A

A normal diet containing about 100 grams of fat per day for 3 days

35
Q

Sweat Chloride Test

A

Used to diagnose cystic fibrosis

Marion Chem Mlab124 (8 decks)

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