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Marion Chem Mlab124 > 8 - Profiles > Flashcards

8 - Profiles Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

device used to record on graph paper the electrical activity of the heart.
Assess heart rhythm and rate

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2
Q

Diagnoses infarction (heart attack),

A

diagnosed by Electrocardiogram (ECG)
ischemia which poor blood flow to the heart muscle, arrhythmias which irregular heart beat, heart chamber enlargement, abnormal electrical conduction relating to potassium and calcium

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3
Q

Symptoms of heart attack

A
  • pain or pressure on the left side of chest
  • difficulty breathing or heavy perspiration
  • Sharp upper body pain
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4
Q

Cardiac Profile (Markers)

A

Substances that are released into the blood when the heart is damaged
Cardiac markers play important roles for diagnosis and therapy for myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia
Cardiac Markers Profile:
Troponin I, CPK/CK, CK-MB, Myoglobin, AST, (Cholesterol)
Specimen – Gold Top – SST or
Green Top – Heparinized blood

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5
Q

Troponin I or Troponin T

A

A cardiac muscle protein
Troponin is a specific marker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
The most specific of all the cardiac markers
Troponin is released rapidly into the blood after the onset of AMI
Reference Range 0 - 0.4 ng/mL - remember

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6
Q

Creatine Phosphokinase / Creatine Kinase (CPK/CK)

A

Helps in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI)
Present in muscles (cardiac and skeletal) and the brain
Increased after a heart attack – not specific
Reference Range 30 - 170 U/L

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7
Q

Creatine kinase-Muscle/Brain (CK-MB)

A

Isoenzyme of CK
Highest percentage found in cardiac muscles – small % in skeletal muscles
CK-MB is released in the circulation following a MI
Reference Range < 6% of total (0 – 5 µg/mL)

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8
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein found primarily in muscle tissues – cardiac and skeletal
Present in the bloodstream following muscle injury
Useful with the other cardiac markers to diagnose AMI
Reference Range 20 - 90 ng/ml

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9
Q

AST – Aspartate Aminotransferase

A

Is an enzyme, present in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Previously called SGOT
Increased in liver disease, but also in heart attacks
Reference Range 10 – 37 U/L
When body tissue or an organ such as the heart or liver is diseased or damaged, additional AST is released into the bloodstream.
The amount of AST in the blood is directly related to the extent of the tissue damage.
After severe damage, AST levels rise in 6 to 10 hours and remain high for about 4 days.

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10
Q

Lipid Profile

A

A group of tests ordered together to determine risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or stroke
Caused by blockage of blood vessels or hardening of the arteries (atherosclerois)
The results of this test can identify certain genetic cardiac risks and can determine approximate risk for certain forms of pancreatitis, and other diseases.

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11
Q

Most commonly measured lipids are:

A

Cholesterol/fractions and triglycerides
Fasting for 9 -12 hours before the sample is collected is required
Only water is permitted

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12
Q

Cholesterol:

A

Is steroid
Cholesterol is a type of fat, found in your blood. It is produced by your body and also comes from the foods you eat (animal products). Cholesterol is needed by your body to maintain the health of your cells. Too much cholesterol leads to coronary artery disease. Blood cholesterol level is related to the foods you eat or to genetic conditions (passed down from other generations of family members).

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13
Q

Fuction of Cholesterol ***

A

In membrane of cells, organs and tissues in the body
is used to make hormones,
forms acids that are needed to absorb nutrients from food.
Source: Endogenous 70% synthesized in body or stored in the liver
Exogenous: 30% from food (animal source as meat, eggs and dairy products

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14
Q

Cholesterol/fractions

A

Test ordered – Total Cholesterol, LDL and HDL

Cholesterol (Total)
Elevated levels can increase the risk of coronary artery/heart disease, atherosclerosis
Reference Range 3.6 - 6.5 mmol/L **

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15
Q

LDL (Low density lipoprotein):

A

LDL: bad cholesterol “ carry cholesterol from liver to blood then to organs

It has less protein content and contains more cholesterol.

LDL cholesterol is easy to stick to the walls of blood vessels.

High levels of LDL in blood associated with atherosclerosis, heart disease and myocardial infraction

Reference Range < 2.5 mmol/L

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16
Q

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

A

HDL: good cholesterol, carry cholesterol from organs and blood to liver to get rid of it
It removes excess cholesterol from tissues (it cleans blood).
Transport cholesterol back to the liver
High levels linked to a reduced risk of heart and artherosclerosis disease. The higher your HDL level, the better.
Reference Range > 1.04 mmol/L

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17
Q

Triglycerides TG:

A

Triglyceride is body storage form of fat and energy
Most TG found in adipose/fat tissue
Give energy in case of absence of carbohydrates
Some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles
Extra triglycerides(sugar) are found in the blood after meal TG “gut”&raquo_space;» blood»» adipose
High levels of triglycerides have been linked to atherosclerosis, risk of heart disease and stroke
Reference Range 0.11 - 2.15 mmol/L

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18
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Storage - glucose-glycogen
Remove toxins from blood
Remove old/damaged RBC’s
Regulate nutrient or metabolite levels in blood—keep constant supply of sugars, fats, amino acids, cholesterol
Secrete bile via bile ducts and gall bladder into small intestine which helps in digestion
bilirubin is the by product of heme
Largest organ in the body

19
Q

Liver functions

A

Liver is a secretory and excretory organ
Synthesizes glycogen from glucose
Makes plasma proteins (albumin, lipoproteins, coagulation proteins)
Forms cholesterol
Stores iron, glycogen, vitamins and other substances
Destroys old blood cells and recycles components of hemoglobin

20
Q

Liver Function Tests (LFT)

A

LFT designed to give information about the state of a patient’s liver
Profile (test) for liver disease include:
Bilirubin, ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, TP, Alb.
Other liver tests include LD, hepatitis tests

21
Q

Bilirubin

A

Produced by the break down RBC and bilirubin metabolism continues in the liver

The total serum bilirubin level is the sum of the conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin.
In the liver, some bilirubin combines (conjugates)with gluconic acid to form direct bilirubin andunconjugated (indirect) bilirubin is released into theblood
Direct bilirubin is secreted as bile by the biliary duct into the intestine and helps with digestion

22
Q

What does Bilirubin test for

A

Test for liver or gall bladder dysfunction
Increased RBC breakdown occurs in diseases, such as hemolytic anemia, or impaired liver function(jaundice) or obstruction, such as a tumor or gall stone
Bilirubin is increased in babies Hemolytic disease of newborns (HDN) caused by the mother’s IgG destroying the RBCs of the newborn
Bilirubin is degraded by light - the newborn is placed under the light and test ASAP

23
Q

ALP (ALK Phos) -

A

Is an enzyme present in a number of tissues, including liver, bone, kidney, intestine
Removes phosphate groups form many types of molecules – protein, nucleotides
Increased levels due to liver damage, tumors and lesion to the bone or the biliary tract, hepatitis
Reference Range 20 – 130 U/L**

24
Q

ALT - Alanine Aminotransferase

A 
Previously called GPT, SGPT
Enzyme high in hepatocytes (liver cells)
Converts protein into energy for the liver
Serum ALT rises dramatically in acute liver damage, in cirrhosis, infections or tumors and up to 100x in viral or toxic hepatitis
More specific than ALP
Reference Range 3 – 30 U/L**
Most specific for liver
high in someone has hepatitis
25
Q

GGT

A

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
Is an enzyme found in liver, kidney, prostate tissue
Often used to monitor patients recovering from hepatitis and cirrhosis
Mostly for liver
helps liver manage drugs and toxins

26
Q

LD / LDH -

A

Commonly found in body tissues, including the liver – Not specific
Increased in liver disease and following heart attacks
breaks lactate into pyruvate

27
Q

Albumins

A

make up about 60% of total serum protein and is present in the blood
Albumin is synthesized in the liver and therefore is a measure of hepatic function
Albumin are transport proteins that transports many important blood constituents
They help to maintain fluid balance in the body (osmotic pressure)
Decreased levels/ hypoalbunminemia can be seen in liver disease, starvation
transport protein
Reference range 38 - 50 g/L**

28
Q

Globulins

A

make up about 40% of serum proteins
Included are – antibodies, coagulation proteins and enzymes
Measured according to specific globulinImmunoglobulin Alpha 1, 2Immunoglobulin Beta (IgA and IgM)Immunoglobulin Gamma (IgG)
three gamma immunoglobulins - IgM, IgA, and IgG

29
Q

Total Protein – TP

A

Measure the total amount of protein : albumin, and globulin in the blood
Low levels can suggest a liver or kidney disorder, malnutrition and malabsorption
Increase levels may be seen with chronic inflammation or infections such as viral hepatitis or HIV, and multiple myeloma
Reference range 60 - 80 g/L**

30
Q

Albumin/Globulin ratio – A/G ratio

A

Provide a clue as to the cause of change in protein levels
Total protein and albumin are used as a measurement
A low A/G ratio may reflect
Overproduction of globulins
Underproduction of albumin
A high A/G ratio suggests
Underproduction of immunoglobulins

31
Q

Bence-Jones proteinuria

A

Found in the blood or urine
Finding this protein is often suggestive of multiple myeloma (form of blood cancer or lymphoma)plasma cells making antibodies multiply uncontrollably releasing light chains called Bence Jones
The proteins are immunoglobulin light chains produced by plasma cells
Found in urine due to renal failure

32
Q

Protein Separation

A

Protein molecules can be separated and analyzed by a process known as electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is a technique used in laboratories in order to separate macromolecules based on size and charge
The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge and are separated
Examples are protein electrophoresis and hemoglobin electrophoresis

33
Q

Hepatitis panel

A 
LOOK AT SLIDE
Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver
Common panel include:
Hepatitis A IgM antibodies (HA Ab-IgM)
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) 
Hepatitis B IgM core antibody (HBcAb-IgM)
Hepatitis C antibodies (HC Ab)
Reference Range – Negative
34
Q

Hepatitis A Virus Transmission

A

Close personal contact(e.g., sex contact, adult or children care centers)
Contaminated food, water(e.g., infected food handlers, raw shellfish)
Blood exposure (rare)(e.g., injecting drug use, transfusion)

35
Q

Thyroid Hormone Regulation

A

Regulation occurs via a feedback system between the thyroid gland, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus produces TRH
TRH asks the anterior pituitary to make and release TSH
Free T3 and T4 hormones have a negative feedback effect to block TRH

36
Q

Thyroid Profile/Function

A

The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body which synthesize hormones
The two major thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
The thyroid hormones control how quickly the body uses energy and make proteins
Profiles include:
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
T4, Free and Total T3 TSH –
TSH regulates thyroid gland activity – Stimulates T3 and T4 secretion

37
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

excessive secretion of thyroid hormones – T4; (T3)

38
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Autoimmune disease, women most affected A common cause of hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism – Decreased thyroid function/hormones – T4, (T3)
Reference Range vary according to age
Adult range
TSH 0.35 - 5.0 µU/L
T4 8.5 – 15.2 pmol/L
T3 3.5 – 6.5 pmol/L

39
Q

Hep A - daycare vacation

A

Source of virus: feces
Route of transmission: feces -oral
Chronic infection: no
Prevention: pre/post exposure immunization

40
Q

Hep B

A

Source of virus: blood/blood products
Route of transmission: percutaneous permucosa
Chronic infection: yes
Prevention: pre/post exposure immunization

41
Q

Hep C

A

Source of virus: blood and blood products
Route of transmission: percutaneous permucosa
Chronic infection: yes
Prevention: blood donor screening; risk behavior
modification

42
Q

Hep D

A

Source of virus: blood and blood products
Route of transmission: percutaneous permucosa
Chronic infection:yes
Prevention: pre/post exposure immunization
risk behavior modification

43
Q

Hep E

A

Source of virus: feces
Route of transmission: fecal oral
Chronic infection: no
Prevention: ensure drinking water is safe

Marion Chem Mlab124 (8 decks)

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