Lecture 1

Question 1

ANtonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 1

“Animalcules” First description of microbes

Used simple microscopes

Question 2

Girolamo Fracastoro

Answer 2

Contagion Theory - disease transmitted by invisible particles

led to preventing &/or treating diseases caused by microorganisms

Question 3

Louis Pasteur

Answer 3

Germ Theory - Microorganisms cause disease

led to preventing &/or treating diseases caused by microorganisms

Question 4

Robert Koch

Answer 4

Experimentally proved germ theory using direct cause and effect

led to preventing &/or treating diseases caused by microorganisms

Question 5

Koch’s postulates

Answer 5

1. Pathogen must be present in all cases of the diseased animal and absent in healthy
2. Organism grown in culture
3. Cells from the culture should cause disease in healthy animal
4. Pathogen Is re-isolated and same as previous pathogen

Note: Cant be fulfilled for all diseases for you cannot give all the disease to patients.

Question 6

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 6

Washing hands reduced death rate

Infection Control

Question 7

Joseph Lister

Answer 7

Post-surgical Infections reduced by sterilizing

Infection Control

Question 8

Florence Nightingale

Answer 8

Hospital Cleanliness prevented infections

Infection Control

Question 9

Edward Jenner

Answer 9

Cowpox treated smallpox

biological and chemical methods to control diseases

Question 10

P.Erlich / A.Fleming

Answer 10

Certain chemicals kill microbes w/o dmging human host

biological and chemical methods to control diseases

Question 11

Human Microbiome

Answer 11

All microorganisms found in/on human body (mostly intestinal microbiome)

Question 12

Prokaryotes

Answer 12

Genetic Material not enclosed by a membrane

Bacteria

Question 13

Eukaryotes

Answer 13

Internal membrane-bound structures

Fungi, Algae, Parasites (protozoa, helminths)

Question 14

Domain Eukarya

Answer 14

All Eukaryotic

Question 15

Domain Bacteria

Answer 15

Prokaryotic (human diseases and normal environments)

Question 16

Domain Archaea

Answer 16

Prokaryotic (Extreme environments and don’t cause disease)

Question 17

Naming Bacteria

Answer 17

Genus name + Species Name

Strain name: Used to tell the difference between bacteria with the same genus and strain name

Related groups = Taxonomic Tree

Question 18

Light Microscope

Answer 18

Bacterial shape, size, arrangement

Bacteria must be stained

Question 19

Electron Microscope

Answer 19

Special structures and smallest microbes (viruses)

Question 20

Gram Stain (Hans Christian Gram)

Answer 20

Most important stain

Gram positive vs Gram Negative
The first step in identifying an unknown bacteria

Question 21

Acid Fast Stain

Answer 21

Stained/ De-stained/ Remains stained = Acid Fast

Stained/ De-stained/ New Stain = Non Acid fast