Lecture 1 Flashcards
ANtonie Van Leeuwenhoek
“Animalcules” First description of microbes
Used simple microscopes
Girolamo Fracastoro
Contagion Theory - disease transmitted by invisible particles
led to preventing &/or treating diseases caused by microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
Germ Theory - Microorganisms cause disease
led to preventing &/or treating diseases caused by microorganisms
Robert Koch
Experimentally proved germ theory using direct cause and effect
led to preventing &/or treating diseases caused by microorganisms
Koch’s postulates
- Pathogen must be present in all cases of the diseased animal and absent in healthy
- Organism grown in culture
- Cells from the culture should cause disease in healthy animal
- Pathogen Is re-isolated and same as previous pathogen
Note: Cant be fulfilled for all diseases for you cannot give all the disease to patients.
Ignaz Semmelweis
Washing hands reduced death rate
Infection Control
Joseph Lister
Post-surgical Infections reduced by sterilizing
Infection Control
Florence Nightingale
Hospital Cleanliness prevented infections
Infection Control
Edward Jenner
Cowpox treated smallpox
biological and chemical methods to control diseases
P.Erlich / A.Fleming
Certain chemicals kill microbes w/o dmging human host
biological and chemical methods to control diseases
Human Microbiome
All microorganisms found in/on human body (mostly intestinal microbiome)
Prokaryotes
Genetic Material not enclosed by a membrane
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Internal membrane-bound structures
Fungi, Algae, Parasites (protozoa, helminths)
Domain Eukarya
All Eukaryotic
Domain Bacteria
Prokaryotic (human diseases and normal environments)
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic (Extreme environments and don’t cause disease)
Naming Bacteria
Genus name + Species Name
Strain name: Used to tell the difference between bacteria with the same genus and strain name
Related groups = Taxonomic Tree
Light Microscope
Bacterial shape, size, arrangement
Bacteria must be stained
Electron Microscope
Special structures and smallest microbes (viruses)
Gram Stain (Hans Christian Gram)
Most important stain
Gram positive vs Gram Negative
The first step in identifying an unknown bacteria
Acid Fast Stain
Stained/ De-stained/ Remains stained = Acid Fast
Stained/ De-stained/ New Stain = Non Acid fast
