Lecture 1

Question 1

Define homeostasis

Answer 1

Condition: body’s internal environment remains relatively constant w/in limits

Question 2

Conditions of homeostasis:

Answer 2

• Optimum [ ] gases, nutrients, ions, and water

- optimal temperature and pressure for health of cells.

Question 3

Define stress:

Answer 3

Any stimulus that creates an imbalance in internal environment

Question 4

Most abundant cation in extracellular?

Answer 4

Na+ =sodium

Question 5

Most abundant cation intracellular:

Answer 5

K+, potassium

Question 6

Most abundant anion in the extracellular:

Answer 6

Chloride; Cl-

Question 7

Define feedback system:

Answer 7

Circular situation in which the information about the status of something is continually reported to a central control region.

Question 8

• feedback

Answer 8

Most common. Response that reverses the direction of the initial condition; stabilizes the diminishing original response. Ex: Arterial BP to inhibit HTN by barorecptor sending inhibition signal to medulla.

Question 9

+ feedback:

Answer 9

Response that intensifies initial condition. Destabilizing. ONLY healthy ex: cervix stretching causes stronger uterine contractions.

Question 10

How do you calculate gain in a feedback system?

Answer 10

[Control system response - uncontrolled response] / ERROR

Question 11

What is error when calculating gain?

Answer 11

Error is the amt. of uncorrected increase in the CONTROLLED system

Question 12

Describe cell membrane w/ respect phospholipids and proteins.

Answer 12

“Unit membrane” has cholesterol inserted among the phospholipids. Proteins are asso. W/ the membrane. Hydrophobic tails of phospholipid and hydrophilic head groups.

Question 13

What characteristic is necessary to pass across cell membrane?

Answer 13

Lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances can readily pass

Question 14

Peripheral proteins

Answer 14

Loosely attached to one surface or the other of membrane. Easily removed. Can be anchored by GPI-proteins.

Question 15

Integral proteins:

Answer 15

Inserted in one side or pass al the way through and are exposed on either side of membrane.

Question 16

Functions of plasma membrane:

Answer 16

Defines the intra/extracellular fluid composition. Filters, information exchange between the cell and environment; ends/exocytosis

Question 17

Nucleus

Answer 17

Control center of the cell; houses the DNA of cell

Question 18

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Network of tubular flat vesicles composed of lipid bilayer connected w/ nuclear membrane. Substances formed in other parts of the cell are conducted to other areas of the cell through matrix of the ER. Ribosomes attach to ER (RER). Other portions of the ER are smooth (SER)-lipid metabolism

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

can function to synthesize new proteins

Question 20

Golgi

Answer 20

Closely r.t ER….4 or more layers of stacked layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus. it is located on the side of the cell where substances are extruded. Transport molecules molecules from the ER fuse to w/ the Golgi these substances then become lysosomes , secretory vesicles , and other cytoplasmic elements

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Main function is houses cellular (aerobic) respiration.

Question 22

Lysosomes

Answer 22

Intracellular digestive system by way of hydrolytic enzyme. Ex: glycogen to glucose

Question 23

Peroxisomes

Answer 23

Similar to lysosomes but formed by self-replication (or budding from SER) contain OXIDASES [not hydrolases like lysosome] Important for alcohol digestion

Question 24

Endosomes

Answer 24

Provides environment for sorting p/t entering lysosomes

Question 25

With which function is clathrin asso. ?

Answer 25

Clathrin is asso. W/ endocytosis (pino/phagocytosis)—-form coated pits w/ or w/o receptors. Clathrin forms the inner pit or interior of Micelle that is created when taking a substance in.

Question 26

Characteristics of lysosomes

Answer 26

Contains hydrolases [hydrolytic enzyme] at low pH for interior of cell digestive system.

Question 27

How are secondary lysosomes made?

Answer 27

Primary lysosomes fuse w/ phagocytic vesicles to form secondary lysosomes

Question 28

What happens to undigested material?

Answer 28

Left behind w/in a residual body will be eliminated via exocytosis

Question 29

What organelles are asso. W/ protein synthesis?

Answer 29

Ribosomes, ER, and Golgi

Question 30

RIBOSOME role in protein synthesis:

Answer 30

Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes

Question 31

Proteins translated on RER are bound for:

Answer 31

Lysosomes or secretion

Question 32

Proteins translated on free ribosomes are bound for

Answer 32

Cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, or to other cell membranes

Question 33

Glycolysis or Kreb’s cycle require O2?

Answer 33

Kreb’s. Glycolysis is anaerobic.

Question 34

End products of glycolysis:

Answer 34

Pyruvate X 2 [pyruvic acid]

Question 35

End products of Kreb’s:

Answer 35

CO2 and water

Question 36

Protein Intracellular trafficking from RER

Answer 36

Transport vesicles bud off ER and head to Golgi
Golgi further modifies protein.
Protein is then sent as secretory vesicles out of cell.

Or proteins can go to lysosome from RER

Question 37

Types of locomotion

Answer 37

Ameboid movement, cilia and flagella, and microtubules

Question 38

What uses ameboid movement in cell?

Answer 38

Macrophage and some other leukocytes

Question 39

Differ Cilia and flagella

Answer 39

Flagella moves the cell. Cilia moves material from cell while not moving.

Question 40

How are microtubules used for locomotion

Answer 40

Provide tracks on which motor molecules can move cargo