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Physiology > [2] Lecture 11: Arterial And Venous Systems And Lymphatics > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 11: Arterial And Venous Systems And Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

Term used to describe the ease asso. W/ spread of the vessel

A

Vascular distensibility

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2
Q

TellsThe total quantity of blood (mL) that a be stored in a given portion of the circulation for each mm Hg rise in pressure

A

Vascular compliance

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3
Q

Describes how volume changes in response to Change in pressure

A

Capacitance

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4
Q

A measure of the ease w/ which a hollow viscus may be distended

I.e. The ∆V resulting from the application of a unit pressure differential btw inside and outside of viscus; reciprocal of elastance

A

Compliance

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5
Q

A measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil towards its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force

A

Elastance

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6
Q

Formula for vascular distensibility

A

F= (increase in V / increase in P x Original volume)

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7
Q

Which is more distensible veins or arteries?

A

Veins are 8 times more distensible.

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8
Q

Pulmonary arteries vs systemic artery distensibilities:

A

Pulmonary arteries are 6 times MORE distensible than systemic arteries

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9
Q

Pulmonary veins and systemic veins-distensibility

A

Same

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10
Q

Vascular compliance formula:

A

Increase in V /
Increase in P

=

VD x V(orig) = compliance

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11
Q

This term describes distensibility of blood vessels:

A

Capacitance

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12
Q

_________ is inversely proportional to elastance

A

Capacitance [mL/ mm Hg]

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13
Q

Directly proportional to volume and inversely proportional to pressure

A

Capacitance

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14
Q

This is higher in veins than arteries:

And decreases in arteries with age

A

Capacitance

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15
Q

The more elastic tissue:

A

Higher the elastance and lower compliance

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16
Q

Total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulatory system.

A

Vascular compliance

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17
Q

A systemic vein is 8x as distensible as it corresponding artery and have volume 3 x as great. How would its compliance compare to that of the corresponding artery?

A

24 times more

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18
Q

Removing a little volume from arteries has drastic effect, however hundreds of ml can be removed from venous system w/ little change in pressure. Why?

A

Arteries are elastic and not very compliant, volume is removed= P will drop.

Because veins are VERY compliant, volume can be removed with little change in Pressure.

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19
Q

Pressure-volume curves show: [veins/arteries]

A

Veins: little change in pressure w/ big ∆ in volume

Arteries: big change in pressure w/ little ∆V

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20
Q

SV /

Arterial compliance =

A

Pulse pressure

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21
Q

2 factors affect pulse pressure

A

SV output of the heart

Compliance of arterial tree

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22
Q

Most important determinant of pulse pressure

Diastolic P remains unchanged during ventricular systole; pulse pressure increases to same extent as the systolic pressure

A

SV output of the heart

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23
Q

Decreases in compliance (capacitance) i.e. Aging, result in an increase in pulse pressure

A

Compliance of the arterial tree

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24
Q

What happens to pulse pressure when compliance goes down?

A

Increases

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25
Q

4 conditions that cause abnormal contours of the pressure pulse wave:

A

1-aortic valve stenosis
2-atherosclerosis
3-patent ductus arteriosus
4-aortic regurgitation

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26
Q

Diameter of the aortic valve opening is narrowed significantly, and the aortic pressure pulse is decreased greatly.
Blood flow through aortic valve is diminished.

A

Aortic valve stenosis

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27
Q

Half or more of the CO flows back into the pulmonary artery and lung blood vessels
Diastolic pressure falls very low before next heartbeat

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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28
Q

Aortic valve is absent or will not close completely

Aortic pressure may fall all the way to 0 btw heart beats.

A

Aortic regurgitation

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29
Q

A downward notch in the curve recording aortic blood pressure that occurs btw systole and diastole and is caused by backflow of blood for a short time before aortic valve closes

A

Incisura

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30
Q

Why does atherosclerosis cause pulse pressure to rise above 120 mmHg
?

A

Greater afterload to pump against

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31
Q

Why does aortic regurgitation lack a incisura on pressure curve?

A

The incisura is usually caused by aortic valve backflow of blood. There’s essentially no aortic valve in aortic regurgitation.

Like a one way pipe

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32
Q

Explain why the pulse pressure drops below 80 mm Hg in patent ductus arteriosus and aortic regurgitation:

A

Half or more of CO flow back into pulmonary artery and lung. Decreasing pressure greatly.

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33
Q

As pressure pulse waves progress from large vessels toward smaller vessels

A

Damping of the pressure pulses

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34
Q

Sounds of blood while taking BP:

A

Korotkoff sounds are the opposing forces of the blood flow.

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35
Q

Mean pressure lie closer to diastolic or systolic?

A

Diastolic: 60% of cardiac cycle is spent in diastole, 40% in systole.

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36
Q

Average arterial pressure w/ respect to time

A

Mean arterial pressure

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37
Q

MAP is simple average of diastolic and systolic?

A

No, more time is spent in diastole.

38
Q

FOrmula for MAP:

A

Diastole Pressure + 1/3pulse pressure = MAP

39
Q

Pressure in the R atrium

A

Central venous pressure [CVP]

40
Q

Factors that regulate CVP or R atrial pressure:

A

Ability of heart to pump blood out of R atrium/ventricle

Tendency of blood to flow into R atrium

41
Q

Estimating L atrial pressure. HOw?

A

Pulmonary wedge pressure: catheter w/ almost direct contact w/ pulmonary capillaries…almost equal to L atrial pressure

42
Q

Increase venous pressure =

A

Increased R atrial pressure

43
Q

Factors that increase R atrial pressure

A

Increased blood volume

Increased peripheral venous pressures d/t increased large vessel tone

Dilation of arterioles

44
Q

When lying down, pressure in peripheral veins is:

A

is +4 to +6mm Hg > R atrial pressure

45
Q

When intra-and pressure increases venous pressure must:

A

Increase above the bad pressure before blood can flow from the legs to the heart through the abd veins

46
Q

Points that can collapse veins when entering thorax

A

Compression points

47
Q

When standing, effect of pressure on venous pressures

A

The further distal and inferior = the greater pressure

48
Q

BLood reservoir in circulatory system:

A

Spleen. Can introduce more blood into circulation if tissues req’

49
Q

When volume is added:

A

Compensates by decreasing tone = increasing compliance

50
Q

When volume is depleted :

A

Compensation by increasing tone = decreasing compliance

51
Q

What helps to push blood back to the heart in the veins?

A

Muscle contraction

52
Q

What is a cause of venous varicosities

A

Backflow of blood creates enough pressure to destroy valves.

53
Q

Small vessels control blood flow to each tissue

Highly muscular

A

Arterioles

54
Q

What controls diameter of arterioles?

A

Local conditions in tissues

55
Q

Continuous musculature present in metarterioles?

A

No only arterioles

56
Q

Smooth muscle fiber encircles capillary at point where it originates

A

Metarteriole - also called precapillary sphincter

57
Q

Do capillaries have smooth muscle?

A

No

58
Q

Unicellular layer of endothelial cells

Thin basement membrane

Total wall thickness= 0.5microns

Internal capillary diameter=4-9microns

A

Capillaries

59
Q

Refers to the opening and closing of precapillary sphincter

A

Vasomotion

60
Q

Occluding parts of the metarteriole to another capillary bed

A

Perferential channel

61
Q

Spacing 6-7 nm

Allows for raid diffusion of water,water-soluble ions, and small solutes

A

Slit pores [in capillary]

62
Q

Formed from caveolins

Plays a role in endocytosis and transcytosis

A

Plasmalemmal vesicles

63
Q

Ex; of organs w/ capillaries w/ pores

A

Liver, GI tract, kidney

64
Q

Intercellular cleft can form

A

Transport channels

65
Q

Caveolin is important for

A

Endocytosis and transcytosis

66
Q

What is the most important factor in regulation of vasomotion?

A

[oxygen] in the tissues

  • determines how much blood flow to feed tissues
67
Q

The most important means for the exchange of substances btw the blood and the interstitial fluid

A

Diffusion

68
Q

What 2 lipid-soluble substances can rapidly diffuse through capillary cell membranes:

A

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

69
Q

Where do nonlipid-soluble substances diffuse through membrane?

A

Intercellular clefts/pores

70
Q

Compare rate of diffusion btw capillary membrane and flow of plasma within capillary:

A

Rate of water diffusion thru capillary membrane is 80x faster than flow of plasma w/in capillary

71
Q

Blood flow from arterial end, capillary, venous end and lymphatic can be described as:

A

Bidirectional

72
Q

Directly proportional to [ ] differences of the diffusing substance

A

Rate of diffusion

73
Q

Passage of substances through the interstitium is mostly via ____ rather than flow

A

Diffusion

74
Q

Major component of interstitium and main reason diffusion is most common way of transport in interstitium

A

Proteoglycan filaments

Also, rivulets allow fluid flow through the interstitium do sometimes form

75
Q

Free fluid in interstitium

A

rivulets

76
Q

What determines direction of diffusion into or out of a capillary?

A

Starling forces

77
Q

Name the 4 starling forces:

A

Capillary pressure-outward F

Interstitial fluid pressure- inward F

Capillary Plasma colloid osmotic pressure-inward F

Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure- outward F

78
Q

Sum of starling forces=

A

Net filtration pressure [NFP]

79
Q

Name the coefficient that can be added to the NFP formula to make it more accurate:

A

Capillary filtration coefficient - takes into consideration the number and size of pores

Just multiply it by NFP

80
Q

What happens When fluid enters the lymphatic?

A

The lymph vessel walls contract momentarily and pump fluid into blood circulation.

81
Q

Fluid entering lymphatic so pushes some other fluid into the bloodstream. Why?

A

Movement into lymphatic creates a slightly negative pressure in the interstial spaces.

82
Q

Forces of filtration at venous end of capillary

A

Net inward force= 7 mm Hg

83
Q

Forces of filtration at arterial end of capillary

A

Net outward force = 13 mm Hg

84
Q

Only starling force that changes during exchange from arterial to venous:

A

Capillary pressure=

30->10 from arterial end to venous end

85
Q

Lymph vessels possess _______ valves

A

1 way

86
Q

When does lymph flow reach a maximum?

A

When interstitial pressure rises slightly above atmospheric pressure

87
Q

Factors that increase lymph flow:

A

Elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure

Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Increased permeability of capillaries

88
Q

Interstitial pressure x activity of lymphatic pump =

A

Rate of lymph flow

89
Q

Proteins help open interstial space of lymph capillaries:

A

Anchoring filament

90
Q

Goal for arteriolar end of capillary?

A

Move fluid from capillary to interstitium

91
Q

Goal for venous end of capillary?

A

push fluid into vein from interstitium

Physiology (10 decks)

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