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Operative > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The science and art in dentistry that studies the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of defects in enamel and dentin

A

operative dentistry

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2
Q

very brittle; cracks and breaks easily

A

enamel

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3
Q

deforms a little before breaking; is ductile

A

dentin

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4
Q

two types of operative dentistry

A

carious and non carious

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5
Q

carious deals with ____ infection; diseased tissue has to be removed with precise ____ preparation

A

bacterial; cavity

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6
Q

non carious deals with loss of surface tooth structure due to ____ or ____ factors

A

mechanical; chemical

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7
Q

examples of non carious

A

attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction

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8
Q

the goal of a restorative dentist is to remove the diseased tissue in a precise manner (_____) and replace the missing part with a restorative material (_____)

A

cavity preparation; restoration

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9
Q

bacterial infectious disease that attacks tooth structure

A

dental caries

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10
Q

mechanical alteration to remove the diseased tooth structure

A

cavity preparation

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11
Q

Dental material used to restore back function and morphology of the missing part of the tooth structure

A

restoration

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12
Q

Dental material placed in a soft state directly in cavity preparation to restore contour before it sets hard (amalgam and composite)

A

direct restoration

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13
Q

A restoration fabricated outside the oral cavity then cemented or bonded to the tooth (inlay, onlay, crown)

A

indirect restoration

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14
Q

a device that holds and delivers power to rotating instruments to perform tooth preparation

A

dental handpiece

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15
Q

For many years has been the mainstay for cutting teeth

A

air driven dental handpiece

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16
Q

Increasingly popular, quieter, cuts with higher torque, higher power and less stalling…more smooth cutting

A

electric dental handpiece

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17
Q

runs at less than 12,000 rpm; no water coolants; less efficient, more controlled removal

A

slow speed handpiece

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18
Q

uses for the slow speed handpiece

A

Controlled removal-deep caries excavation in close proximity to the pulp
Cleaning external surface of teeth (coronal polishing)
Finishing and polishing procedures (whether it is restoration or a preparation)

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19
Q

12,000-20,000 rpm ; not used

A

medium speed handpiece

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20
Q

> 200,000 rpm; generates considerable amount of heat and needs water coolant; most cutting efficiency (less vibration and pressure leading to less patient discomfort)

A

high speed handpiece

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21
Q

uses for high speed handpiece

A

teeth preparation and removal of old restorations

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22
Q

the ____ is the most common delivery tubing system in the dental unit control panel

A

4 hole connector line

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23
Q

4 parts to the high speed hand piece

A

head (not detachable), attachment (contrangled), shaft, coupler

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24
Q

the high speed hand piece head: push button, friction grip head holds only ____ type rotary instruments

A

friction grip burs

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25
Q

attaches the handpiece to the delivery unit and supplies air and water to the handpiece

A

coupler

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26
Q

the ____ receives the handpiece coupler

A

4 hole line

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27
Q

couplers can be ___ or ____ with ___ swivel

A

fixed; movable; 360

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28
Q

slow speed attachments

A

slow speed motor, nose cone/straight attachment, contra-angled attachment

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29
Q

the straight attachment is used for ____ procedures

A

extra oral (outside of the mouth); possibly polishing a crown from the lab

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30
Q

the straight handpiece uses a long ___ type bur or ___ bur

A

shank; straight

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31
Q

the contrangled slow speed head includes the ___ and _____

A

latch type (RA) head; friction grip head

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32
Q

the latch type (RA) head accepts only ____ burs

A

latch end

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33
Q

latch end burs are larger in ____ than the ____ burs

A

diameter; friction grip

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34
Q

the friction grip head uses friction grip type burs which have a smaller ___ and shorter ____ than the latch type burs

A

diameter; shanks

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35
Q

2 mechanisms of the friction grip heads

A
  1. friction generated from an internal spring assembly (push button)
  2. A special tool using force to overcome and generate friction (bur tool type)
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36
Q

3 components to rotary instruments

A

head, neck, shank

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37
Q

the working part of the rotary instrument; consist of either blades or abrasive particulate surfaces; many shapes and sizes

A

head

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38
Q

3 types of rotary instruments

A

bladed instruments, diamond (abrasive) instruments, other abrasives

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39
Q

3 types of shanks

A

straight/long shank, latch design (slow speed contrangled latch type), friction grip design (slow speed contrangle friction grip head and high speed)

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40
Q

not too bulky to interfere with operator’s visibility, not too narrow to become a weak link between the head and shank

A

neck

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41
Q

bladed rotary instruments or burs are used for ____ and ____

A

excavating (cutting); finishing

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42
Q

excavating or cutting burs have ___ blades while finishing burs have ____ blades

A

6-8; 10-20

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43
Q

the greater the number of blades, the ___ the finish

A

smoother

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44
Q

how finishing burs are color coded

A

10-12 blades = red
16-20 = yellow
30 = white

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45
Q

bladed instruments can be composed of ___ for blade cutting and ____ for abrasive cutting

A

carbide; diamond

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46
Q

______ blanks ground to the desired shape. Stronger and harder than stainless steel but brittle

A

tungsten carbide

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47
Q

Tungsten carbide head is attached to the ____ neck and shank by ____ and ____

A

steel; welding; brazing

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48
Q

tungsten carbide blades used for ____

A

intracoronal preparations

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49
Q

diamond instruments: composed of a ____ blank on which small diamond particles are held together within a ____ matrix

A

metal; softer

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50
Q

on diamond instruments, the shank is color coded for degree of abrasiveness

A

yellow: superfine
red: fine
blue: medium
green: coarse
black: super coarse

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51
Q

diamond abrasives are used for _____

A

extracoronal preparations, like crown preps

52
Q
  • Abrasives placed on paper flexible backing to form discs or finishing strips • Discs attach to handpieces via mandrels
  • Uses: finishing restorations
A

coated abrasives

53
Q
  • Molding abrasives and matrix into certain shapes
  • Mounted (eg points and stones) vs Unmounted (cutting discs and stonewheels)
  • Rigid (grinding and shaping) or Flexible (finishing and polishing)
A

molded abrasives

54
Q

bladed head designs

A

round, inverted cone, pear shaped, plain cylindrical fissure, plain tapered fissure

55
Q

apex (proximal part of bur) more narrow than base; flat ended bur, usually 1 mm in length

A

inverted cone bur

56
Q

the diameter at the distal end of the pear-shaped bur is ____

57
Q

the 330 pear shaped bur is ____ in length with an __ degree taper and the 245 pear shaped bur is ___ in length with a ___ taper

A

1.5 mm; 8; 3.0 mm; 4 degree

58
Q

the plain cylindrical fissure or 57 bur has ___ walls, no ___ and a diameter of ____

A

parallel; taper; 1 mm

59
Q

the plain tapered fissure bur (also called ___) has a narrower ____ and wider ____; creates _____

A

171 long; base; apex; diverging walls

60
Q

variability in head designs: end cutting

A

designate a 900 (end only carries the cutting blades)

61
Q

variability in head designs: cross cut

A

designate a 500 before the bur number; also 700 version

62
Q

mechanism of cutting

A
  1. brittle fracture
  2. ductile fracture
  3. teeth undergo both
63
Q

brittle material fractures by _____ upon tensile loading

A

crack formation

64
Q

more efficient with brittle materials (microcracks)

A

abrasive cutting

65
Q

plastic deformation of the material by shearing

A

ductile fracture

66
Q

_____ more efficient with ductile material (deform then shear)

A

bladed cutting

67
Q

____ materials are ductile

68
Q

____ burs are used for abrasive cutting, which is more efficient with brittle materials (microcracks)

69
Q

abrasive cutting is not efficient with ____ material

70
Q

cut by shearing layers of tooth structure

A

bladed cutting

71
Q

bladed cutting is recommended for ______

A

intracoronal preparations

72
Q

blade designs for bladed cutting

A
  1. rake face

2. clearance face

73
Q

the rake face…

A

the surface that forms the chip

the surface of the blade towards the direction of cutting

74
Q

the clearance face…

A

the surface that clears the chips

away from the direction of cutting

75
Q

direction of cutting is _____

76
Q

blade design angles

A

edge angle, rake angle, clearance angle

77
Q

the edge angle is….

A

between the rake and clearance surfaces

78
Q

the rake angle is…

A

between the radial line and the rake face

79
Q

the clearance angle is….

A

the angle that provides clearance between the cutting edge and the tooth structure

80
Q

when the radius (from cutting edge to axis of bur) is ahead of the rake face

A

positive rake angle

81
Q

characteristics of a positive rake angle

A
  • higher cutting efficiency
  • larger chips produced
  • chip space smaller; clogging of chip space
  • always a chance to curve, fracture if material is not adequate
82
Q

when the rake face is ahead of the radius (from cutting edge to axis of bur)

A

negative rake angle

83
Q

characteristics of a negative rake angle

A
  • decreased cutting efficiency
  • smaller chips are produced; no clogging of the chip space
  • cutting edge is spared (less liable to fracture) since carbide burs are brittle
84
Q

____ are longer lasting

A

negative rake angles

85
Q

purpose of the clearance angle

A

-prevents blade from rubbing on the tooth surface

86
Q

the bigger the clearance angle…

A

the less the friction, dulling minimized, bur life lengthened

87
Q

the ____ the clearance angle, the lower the longevity of the bur

88
Q

basic components of hand instruments

A

handle, shank, and working end

89
Q

connects the handle to the working end; can be straight or angled, rigid or flexible

90
Q

the working end is…

A

nib/point (non cutting instruments)

blade (cutting instruments)

91
Q

hand instruments are ____ if there are working ends on both ends

A

double ended

92
Q

4 types of hand instruments

A
  • examination instruments (non cutting)
  • hand cutting instruments
  • restorative instruments (non cutting)
  • accessory instruments
93
Q

examination instruments examine the ____, ____, and _____

A

teeth, soft tissue, and hard tissue

94
Q

examples of examination instruments

A

mirror, explorer, periodontal probe

95
Q

hand cutting instruments….

A

refine the walls of the tooth preparation to receive the restoration

96
Q

restorative instruments…

A

insert dental material in the cavity preparation and carve back the tooth contour

97
Q

accessory instruments…

A

aid to complete the procedure

98
Q

has pointed tip to enhance tactile sensation for caries detection; also checks margins of crowns

99
Q

examples of explorers

A

shepherd’s hook (#23)
pigtail/cowhorn (#2)
interproximal explorer (#17)

100
Q

measures cavity depth

A

periodontal probe

101
Q

uses of hand cutting instruments

A

refine and shape the cavity walls

102
Q

blade composition of hand cutting instruments

A

carbon steel (carbon harder than stainless steel)

103
Q

handle composition of hand cutting instruments

A

stainless steel (the chromium in the stainless steel is corrosion resistant and retains the shine)

104
Q

each hand cutting instrument is composed of 3 parts

A

handle, shank, and blade

105
Q

the handle carries 2 codes:

A
  1. instrument formula (ID formula)

2. manufacturer’s serial number

106
Q

the blade is the working part of the instrument that is _____ to create the cutting edge

107
Q

concentration of the force onto the blade without rotation of the instrument

108
Q

basic instrument formula that consists of 3 units

A

black’s instrument formula

109
Q

1st number in formula

A

the width of the blade in tenth of a mm (10 mm = 1)

110
Q

2nd number

A

the length of the blade in mm

111
Q

3rd number

A

angulation of the blade to the long axis of the handle; expressed in 100th of a circle; always

112
Q

four number formula

A

the 2nd number indicates the primary cutting edge relative to the long axis of the handle; always greater than 50

113
Q

order of the 4 number formula

A
  1. width of blade (in tenth of a mm)
  2. primary cutting edge angle (> 50)
  3. blade length in mm
  4. blade angle relative to long axis in centigrade
114
Q

restorative instruments…

A

insert and carve the restorative material

115
Q

examples of restorative instruments

A

carrier, condenser/plugger, anatomical/acorn burnisher

116
Q

examples of accessory instruments

A

articulating paper holder (miller forceps), scissors

117
Q

example of accessory equipment

A

amalgam well

118
Q

in direct cutting, the force applied is _____ to the cutting edge

A

perpendicular

119
Q

how to do direct cutting

A
  • hold instrument parallel to the wall being planed at all times
  • the cutting edge in contact with the wall being planed
120
Q

example of direct cutting instrument

A

enamel hatchet

121
Q

force exerted is parallel to the cutting edge

A

indirect cutting/lateral cutting/scrapping

122
Q

motion of lateral cutting

A

from the beveled to the non beveled side, i.e. away from the bevel

123
Q

example of lateral cutting instrument

A

enamel hatchet and gingival margin trimmer

124
Q

chisel family

A
  1. straight/ slightly curved/ bin angled chisels (push motion)
  2. enamel hatchet: direct cutting and lateral cutting
  3. gingival margin trimmer: lateral cutting
125
Q

enamel hatchet

A
  • cutting edge parallel to the long axis of handle
  • direct and lateral cutting
  • double ended instrument with right and left bevels
126
Q

gingival margin trimmer

A
  • the blade is curved and not milled in a single plane: curved blade accentuates the lateral cutting
  • cutting edge makes an angle to the long axis of the blade
  • force is applied parallel to the cutting edge
127
Q

excavator family

A
  • ordinary hatchet
  • hoes (pull)
  • angle former
  • spoon

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