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RS > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?

A

To get air in and out.

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2
Q

Why is the air not suitable to go straight into our bloodstream?

A

An unsterile environment is not key for our system. Thus the rest system is important for cleaning and moistening the air.

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3
Q

What is the anatomical division of the respiratory system?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract.

Lower Respiratory Tract.

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4
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

From nasal vestibule to pharynx.

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5
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

From larynx to alveoli.

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6
Q

Why is treatment harder for a LRTI compared to URTI?

A

It is harder to defend against pathogens. So you get diseases such as pneumonia in a LRTI.

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7
Q

What is the functional division of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone.

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8
Q

What makes up the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal vestibule to terminal bronchioles.

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9
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.

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10
Q

Where are the pseudo stratified columnar cells located?

A

Nasal cavity to the bronchi.

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11
Q

What is the function of the peusodstratified columnar ciliated epithelium?

A

There is a protective function, where the cilia (motile) beat the layer of mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed or spit out.

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12
Q

Where are the goblet cells located?

A

Nasal cavity to the bronchi.

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13
Q

What is the function of the goblet cells?

A

Produce mucus acutely (quick response i.e. hay fever).

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14
Q

Where are basal cells located?

A

In the base of the basement membrane.

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15
Q

What is the function of basal cells?

A

To act as stem cells.

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16
Q

Where are club cells found?

A

Bronchioles.

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17
Q

What is the function of club cells?

A

They are cuboidal cells that secrete a watery substance which is important for: hydration and anti-microbial secretion.

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18
Q

What is the function of small granule cells?

A

These are endocrine cells which secrete histamine.

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19
Q

What is the function of brush cells?

A

These are sensory cells which produce a nervous response.

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20
Q

Where are Type I pneumocytes found?

A

In the alveoli.

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21
Q

What is the function of Type I pneumocytes?

A

Thin squamous cells which allow for a thin flat area -> small blood/air membrane.

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22
Q

Where are Type II penumocytes found?

A

In the alveoli.

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23
Q

What is the function of Type IIpneumocytes?

A

Secrete surfactant; which decreases the surface tension within the alveoli.

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24
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

In the alveoli.

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25
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

They are defence cells which are wandering in the air space. They attack any pathogens deep in the respiratory zone.

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26
Q

Where is cartilage located?

A

Trachea and bronchi.

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27
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Keep the airways patent (open).

28
Q

Where are the elastic fibres located?

A

All the way through the tract.

29
Q

What is the function of the elastic fibres?

A

Provides elasticity “compliance”.

30
Q

Where is the collagen located?

A

Lamina propria (and inter-alveolar septa).

31
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provides tension.

32
Q

Where is the smooth muscle located?

A

Walls of the airways to the alveolar ducts and bronchioles.

33
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle?

A

More specifically the bronchioles control the tone of the airways, so essentially the flow by constricting or relaxing the muscle.

34
Q

Why is mucus important?

A

Helps keep airways hydrated. If cells desiccate they will die.

35
Q

How many sources of mucus are there?

A
  1. Goblet cells.

2. Sero-mucus glands in the submucosa.

36
Q

What do the glands produce?

A

Combination of sticky thick mucus - polysaccharides.

37
Q

How does mucus work?

A

Biphasic way to help the cilia move.

38
Q

Where does the cilia beat in the rest tract?

A

The ones in the LRT beat up to the pharynx, the ones in the nasal cavity beat to the pharynx.

39
Q

How does the cilia beat?

A

On the top layer is the thick mucus which captures the particles i.e. pathogens. On the bottom layer there is a watery sol layer. Cilia then have the ability to move in a whip-like structure.

40
Q

What happens when you have conditions like cystic fibrosis?

A

Mucocilary escalator has a trouble beating.

41
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Area for gas exchange.
  2. Protection:
    - of respiratory surfaces.
    - against invading pathogens.
  3. Sound protection.
  4. Control of blood volume, blood pressure and pH.
42
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Also known as immotile cilia syndrome. It is a genetic disorder - where there is defective dynein.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of ciliary dyskinesia?

A
  1. Chronic sinus and lung infections: bronchiectasis, pneumonia.
  2. Ear infections - hearing loss.
  3. Fertility problems.
  4. Headaches, hydrocephalus.
44
Q

What is the diagnosis for primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A
  1. Ultrastructural microscopy - look at dynein.
  2. Measure cilia beat frequency.
  3. Nitric oxide.
  4. Genetic testing.
45
Q

How do you manage primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A
  1. Antibiotics.
  2. Sinus and lung drainage.
  3. No cure as yet.
46
Q

What is chronic rhinosinusitis?

A

Chronic inflammation within the nasal cavity. Constant streaming of mucus. Hard to know what the sources is. You end up changing your epithelium as you blow your nose.

47
Q

What happens in chronic rhinosinusitis?

A

Massive hyperplasia of the airway - a lot of goblet cells. Chronic facial pain is common.

48
Q

How do you treat chronic rhinosinusitis?

A

Surgeons can snip some of the cone bones to reduce the SA in the nasal cavity that is producing all the mucus.

49
Q

What does the air need to undergo before reaching the capillaries?

A
  1. Filtering - get rid of pathogens.
  2. Warming.
  3. Humidifying - saturate it with water.
50
Q

Where does the air hit first?

A

The vibrissae (nasal coarse hairs). This allows for debris to get caught.

51
Q

Where does the air hit second?

A

The concae (made up of inferior, superior and middle turbinate bones).

52
Q

What does the concae do?

A

It slows down the flow of air by swirling it and it throws big articles onto the mucus layer. It also humidifies the air via serous secretions.

53
Q

What do the capillaries do?

A

The rich capillary network sits under the cell layer and warms up the air.

54
Q

How do we protect the epithelium layers?

A

The nasal cycle.

55
Q

What is the nasal cycle?

A

The inferior turbinates undergo alternating swelling with a mean duration of 2.5 hours. During the congested period the cilia beat frequency will drop, allowing the accumulation of mucus and reestablishment of moisture.

56
Q

What is empty nose syndrome?

A

Where a person has turbinectomies. They will suffer from chronic nasal dryness and paradoxical obstruction - feeling of a stuffy nose and suffocation.

57
Q

Describe the anatomy of the trachea?

A

10cm long.
Larynx to around T4/5.
C-shaped cartilage ring (important for keeping airway open) and connected by smooth muscle called Trachealis (provides flexibility when there is a big bolus of food). respiratory epithelium lines it.

58
Q

Describe the histology of the trachea?

A

Inside the lumen have respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified columnar ciliated cells), goblet cells and basal cells. Glands, smooth muscles and cartilage.

59
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Large open tube that is apart of the conducting zone.

60
Q

Describe the anomy of the bronchus?

A

There are cartilage plates (to keep the airways open) and there are glands and smooth muscle (not quite continuous) and respiratory epithelium.

61
Q

Describe the histology of the bronchus?

A

In the larger bronchi there is respiratory epithelium and the smaller bronchi we get the transition to columnar ciliated and goblet cells.

62
Q

What is the function of the bronchus?

A

Conducting zone and conditioning and important branching (feed all area of the lung).

63
Q

Describe the anatomy of the bronchioles?

A

[Find the bronchioles at 15 branching]

They are

64
Q

Describe the histology of the bronchioles?

A

Now there is cuboidal ciliated epithelium and club cells and smooth muscle.

65
Q

What is the function of the bronchioles?

A

Control flow into the alveoli via the contraction/relaxation of the smooth muscle.

66
Q

What is the terminal bronchiole?

A

The last bronchiole of the conducting zone.

RS (24 decks)

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