lecture 1

Question 1

what is the meaning of a tissue

Answer 1

a collection of cells specialised to perform a particular function

Question 2

what is an organ

Answer 2

A collection of tissues

Question 3

name 4 types of tissue

Answer 3

epithilial, connective, nervous, muscle

Question 4

what is histology

Answer 4

the study of structures of tissues using different stains, light and electron microscopy. gold standard of diagnosis, final proof, spread of disease

Question 5

relationship between M, mM, uM, nM

Answer 5

0, 10-3, 10-6, 10-9

Question 6

what is a biopsy

Answer 6

removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ/ part of the body for microscopic exam

Question 7

what is curettage

Answer 7

use a sharp edged spoon to obtain endometrial lininf of uterus

Question 8

what is needle biopsy

Answer 8

heart, liver, breast, kidney

Question 9

what is transvascular

Answer 9

use x ray to follow a prove, then biopsy heart/liver epithilia with pincer

Question 10

what is endoscopic

Answer 10

blow air into the tissue to expand it, lung intestine, bladder

Question 11

why does tissue need to be fixed

Answer 11

fresh biopsy is wet and bloody, lysosomal enzymes break down structure

Question 12

what can you fix tissue with

Answer 12

glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde

Question 13

describe a fixed biopsy

Answer 13

macromolecules are cross linked, cellular structure is preserved, no autolysis or putrefaction

Question 14

tissue processing causes shrinkage artefacts, how?

Answer 14

dehydration and rehydration in the fixing process causes it

Question 15

name 2 different stains used on tissues

Answer 15

Haemotoxylin & Eosin, Periodic Acid,Schiff

Question 16

what does haemotoxylin stain

Answer 16

it stains acidic parts of cell purple e.g. rna and chromatin

Question 17

what does eosin stain

Answer 17

stains basic parts of cell pink, e.g. cytoplasmic proteins. extracellular proteins are pink

Question 18

what does periodic acid schiff stain

Answer 18

stains carbs and glycoproteins magenta. Pink components and purple background

Question 19

what stains tissue blue

Answer 19

Azurea

Question 20

advantages of phase contrast

Answer 20

uses interference effects of 2 combining light waves to enhance image of unstained cells

Question 21

advantages of dark field

Answer 21

unscattered beam from image, increases contrast

Question 22

fluorescence microscopy

Answer 22

targets a molecule of interest with a fluorescent Ab, can use many fluorescent stains on one specimen

Question 23

confocal microscopy

Answer 23

tissue is labelled with 1 or more fluorescent probes which eliminates out of focus flare, 3D image form 2D image