Lecture 1

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience

Question 2

conditioning

Answer 2

a kind of learning that involves association between environmental stimuli and responses

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

The organism learns to associate two stimuli
One produces a response that originally was only produced by the other
Classic example of dog/bell and salivation

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

elicits the unconditioned response (food)

Question 5

Unconditional Response

Answer 5

response which is automatically produced (salivate)

Question 6

Conditional Stimulus

Answer 6

originally neutral stimulus that elicits a behavior after being paired with a US (bell)

Question 7

Conditional Response

Answer 7

response elicited by the conditioned stimulus (salivate to bell)

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

phase of Classical conditioning when the US and CS are paired together

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

repeat the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over time and the conditioned response will disappear

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

after a response has been extinguished it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time with exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 11

pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus will create another conditioned stimulus, although a weaker conditioned response. More likely to show extinction.
(Food with bell, bell with light)

Question 12

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 12

after a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response, other, similar stimuli may produce the same reaction.

Question 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 13

one learns to realize the differences between similar stimuli

Question 14

Anticipatory Nausea

Answer 14

Classically conditioned response
Chemotherapy (US)
Nausea (UR)
Treatment room/needles (CS)
Nausea in response to room (CR)

ANV patients don’t respond well to anti-nausea drugs
Responsive to some behavioral treatments

Question 15

Garcia’s Research

Answer 15

found that there may be differential reactions to classical conditioning

Taste aversions seem to be particularly sensitive to learning.

May be evolutionarily determined.

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

Behavior is dependent on its consequences

Question 17

Thorndike

Answer 17

studied cats to understand learning behaviors

Question 18

Law of Effect

Answer 18

a satisfying result strengthens/increases a behavior

Question 19

B.F. Skinner

Answer 19

all behavior is explained by looking outside the individual. People (and animals) tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences; decrease behaviors which have negative consequences

Question 20

Neutral Consequence

Answer 20

not more or less likely to see behavior patterns change

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

anything which will make a response more likely to occur

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

anything which will make a response less likely to occur

Question 23

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 23

satisfy biological needs: food, water, sex. Presentation increases the likelihood of repeating the behavior.

Question 24

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 24

satisfy through association with primary reinforcers: money, praise, grades. Presentation increases the likelihood of repeating the behavior.

Question 25

Punishments

Answer 25

presentation or removal of a stimulus decreases the likelihood of a response

Question 26

Postitive Punishments

Answer 26

something occurs (a stimulus presented) to decrease a behavior (spanked, mouth washed out w/soap)

Question 27

Negative Punishment

Answer 27

something is removed to decrease a behavior (no TV, no desert…)

Question 28

Continuous Learning

Answer 28

reward/punishment occurs each time the behavior occurs

Question 29

Intermittent/Partial Learning

Answer 29

reward/punishment occurs when a response occurs only some of the time

Question 30

Ratio Schedules

Answer 30

deliver reinforcement after a certain number of responses have occured

Question 31

Interval Schedules

Answer 31

reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed and the desired behavior has occurred

Question 32

Fixed Ratio Schedules

Answer 32

reinforcement after a fixed number of responses(every 4 times )

Question 33

Variable Ratio Schedules

Answer 33

reinforcement after some average number of responses (on average 7 times)

Question 34

Fixed Interval

Answer 34

reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time has passed since the past reinforcer (5min)

Question 35

Variable Interval

Answer 35

reinforcement occurs if a variable amount of time has passed since the previous reinforcer (on average 5min, could be 3 or 7 minutes)

Question 36

Shaping

Answer 36

reinforcing behavioral tendencies in a desired direction. Uses successive approximation–reinforce responses that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

Question 37

Observational Learning

Answer 37

believe there is a higher level cognitive process to how we learn, impacts attitudes, beliefs and expectations

Question 38

Four Key Components to Observational Learning

Answer 38

Attention: be aware of another’s behavior and consequences
Retention: have the capacity to store/retrieve what you have observed
Reproduction: behaviorally imitate what has been stored in memory
Motivation: determined by a belief that the behavior will bring about a desired response