Lecture 1 Flashcards
the science of structural and, more so, functional changes as a result of injury on the level of human organism is …?
pathophysiology
the science of structural and functional changes as a result of injury on the level of cellular and tissue level is …?
pathology
an impairment (altered state) of functioning on the cellular, tissue, organ and organ-system levels is…?
disease
a state of human organism’s alteration, resulting in physical, emotional and spiritual distress is …?
illness
which level of disease prevention prevents disease from occurrence by eliminating risk (if possible), modifying life style and behavior, immunizations, Acupuncture and Holistic modalities attempts to do this…?
Primary level of disease prevention
which level of disease prevention is early detection and treatment of a disease by preventive screening and interventions (such as colonoscopy, mammography, pap smears, etc. ?
Secondary level of disease prevention
which level of disease prevention works on prevention of disease complications and/or progression: treatment/management of patient’s altered state?
Tertiary level of disease prevention
accepted theory or hypothesis of cause of disease is?
etiology answers WHY (why do I have a headache... bc I bumped my head)
accepted mechanism of a diseases’ development is?
pathogenesis
HOW
vulnerabilities, which increase chances of disease development is?
risk factor
triggers, leading to onset of a disease is?
precipitating factors
a disease/syndrome of an unknown cause is?
idiopathic
a condition caused by medical intervention is?
latrogenic
a disease, originated within medical facility/hospital is?
how many days after staying at the facility is it considered this?
nosocomial
if after 3 days patient has the disease
objective manifestations of a disease; can be detected/ observed/ measured by a practitioner is?
signs
subjective perception of a disease by a patient (comprise the illness perspective)?
symptoms
a characteristics set of signs and symptoms?
syndrome
*in cases, when etiology is clearly defined, a syndrome is addressed as a disease
a statement concerning with the most likely nature of disease/syndrome?
(what most likely is the etiology and pathogenesis?)
diagnosis
a list of altered health states, which are characterized by similar signs and symptoms?
differential diagnosis
*if original diagnosis is incorrect, what else can it be
a statement regarding the most probably outcome of a disease
prognosis
complex of interventions for rehabilitation of an affected patient
treatment / medical management
medical/health care actions, which may aggravate a patient’s condition
contraindications
progression of a disease in severity and extent of dysfunction
complications
predictable (of previously researched and being proven) but unintended results of disease management.
side / adverse effects
what is the difference between side and adverse effects
unlike side effects, which might be either harmful or beneficial, adverse effects are ALWAYS harmful and may lead to complication including death outcome
disease that spreads from person to person is ?
communicable
above usual rate of disease occurrence in a certain populations is?
epidemic
persistently occurring / characteristic disease in a certain area(s)?
pandemic
occasional occurrences of a disease with unreleased cases at random?
sporadic
altered state, which is present at birth
congenital
inherited as a manifestation of altered genes
genetic
developed after birth
acquired
“runs in the family” but not known to be directly inherited due to a particular altered gene or a set of genes
familial
what has a flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell
plasma membrane
plasma membrane is permeable to?
non-polar, uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, & steriods
plasma membrane is impermeable to?
to ions and charged or polar molecules, such as gluocose
plasma membrane is slightly permeable to
water and urea
which transport in plasma membrane does not require cellular energy bc substances move down their concentration or electrochemical gradients using only their own kinetic energy?
passive transport
which transport in plasma membrane requires cellular energy in the form of ATP?
active transport
what are the 3 types of passive transport and how do they move?
- diffusion through lipid bilayer
- diffusion through membrane channels
- facilitated diffusion, which does not require ATP, but requires a carriers molecule
what is diffusion?
materials diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, down their concentration gradient
when molecules are mixed uniformly throughout the solution, what is it called?
equilibrium
what is cytosol? what is it made up of?
- fluid portion that surrounds organelles, makes up 60% of total cell volume
- made up of water with dissolved and suspended components such as ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, and waste products
what are the 3 types of filaments of the cytoskeleton and what are their FX?
- microvilli - small - increase surface area
- intermediate filament
- microtubules - largest - in cilia and flagella - participate in cell division
comprised of microtubules that are short, hairlike projections that extend from surface of cell and lines the respiratory tract is?
(movement is paralyzed by nicotine)
cilia
longer microtubules that usually move an entire cell, for example sperm’s tail is?
flagella
what is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosomes
what is the network of folded membrane that transports substances throughout the cell?
endoplasmic reticulum ER
"plasmic" = cytoplasm "reticulum" = network
ribosomes attached to ER that synthesizes proteins are called?
rough ER
synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, takes care of Calcium storage and releases?
smooth ER
which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution?
what is it’s structure?
how do proteins leave the golgi complex?
- golgi complex
- consists of 3 -20 golgi cisternae (membranous sacs)
- proteins leave through secretory vesicles, membrane vesicles, or transport vesicles
which organelles contain powerful digestive enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes, and act as defense?
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
which organelle has enzymes that can destroy their own cell - autolysis (due to pathology)?
Lysosomes
which organelle contain enzyme hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and (smaller in size than Lysosomes) control fx of free radicals by stabilixing their outer shells again
Peroxisomes
what process replaces dead or injured cells and adds new ones for growth?
somatic cell division or mitosis
produces 2 identical daughter cells
what process produces gametes - sperm and oocytes?
reproductive cell division or meiosis
what lines the lumen on blood vessels, what is it also called?
simple squamous epithelium, also called endothelium
what lines the mucosa of small intestine, and contains microvilli referred to as brush border?
simple columnar epithelium
what lines the urinary bladder’ lumen?
transitional epithelium
what type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
which tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and also forms glands?
epithelia tissue
which tissue protects and supports the body and its organs. various types of this tissue bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms
connective tissue
which tissue generates physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat?
muscular tissue
which tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside of the body and responds by generating action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions?
nervous tissue
what is inadequate supply of oxygen for the energetic cellular support, and what are some conditions that causes it?
Hypoxia, can be due to deficient respiration, Ischemia (def blood flow), anemia (deficient red blood cells or hemoglobin for delivery of O2)
what are free radicals?
unstable molecules due to unpaired electrons on their outer shells; most common source of free radicals is from within the body itself (metabolic reactions)
what are examples of most common sources of free radicals?
oxygen (most common source)
iron
copper
the diminution of CELL SIZE due to inadequate nourishment, stimulation, or use. It can also be physiological as well (Thymus)
(it is an adaptation of cell bc it is not in use)
atrophy
*irreversible
an increased in CELL NUMBER due to hormonal (endocrine) stimulation or as a compensation reaction is?
hyperplasia
*reversible
conversion of one mature normal type of tissue to another mature normal type is called
metaplasia
*reversible
abnormal proliferation of cells with various degrees of cellular atypical features. it is a direct “shortcut” / prerequisite to cancer
dysplasia
*reversible
an increase in CELL SIZE due to increased work load or inborn error (congenital) that can be both pathological or physiological is?
hypertrophy
*physiological can be reversed for example the uterus during pregnancy
what is programmed “worn out” mechanism of cell death and deletion? This is frequently compared to “programmed cellular suicide” Is regulated by endogenous system of signals and progressive shortening of telomeres.
Apoptosis
what is cellular and tissue death within a living organism?
necrosis
what is cellular and tissue death within a dead body?
autolysis
when many cells undergo necrosis at once, then definable patterns of necrosis are produced, depending upon the nature of the injury, the type of tissue, and the length of time, what is this an example of?
coagulative necrosis
*this is a typical pattern with ischemia and infarction (loss of blood supply and resultant tissue anoxia)
an infarct in the brain, as it organizes and is being resolved, is left with empty or cystic spaces - this is called?
brain liquefactive necrosis
cellular injury to pancreatic acini leads to release of powerful enzymes which damage fat by production of soaps, and they appear grossly as the soft, chalky white areas… this is called?
fat necrosis in pancreas
the combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis most characteristic of granulomatous inflammation is?
caseous necrosis
necrosis of many tissues in a body part, for example from frostbite injury to the toes is called
dry foot gangrene
*mainly coagulative necrosis from anoxic injury)
liquefactive component from superimposed infection in addition to coagulative necrosis from loss of blood supply (on a patient with diabetes mellitus) can result in
wet gangrene
liver injury with chronic alcoholism leads to? and what is the condition called?
leads to fibrosis and regeneration of hepatocytes in nodules - this creates firm nodular appearance of liver called cirrhosis
“did not develop” ,absence of organ or tissue, ex Achondroplasia is called?
aplasia or agenesis
underdeveloped organ or tissue (not fully developed);
Hypoplasia
ex. Adrenal hypolasia, thyroid hypoplasia, ovarian hypoplasia, etc
