Lecture 1 & 2- Anatomy of the lungs

Question 1

the respiratory system develops as a

Answer 1

diverticulum from the pharynx

Question 2

paranasal sinuses

Answer 2

Empty spaces around the bone.

Bones in the skull are very thin to allow the brain, eyes, sinuses to be larger (compression of the bone).

Question 3

function of the nasal cavity

Answer 3

• Smell (olfactory epithelium)
• Induce turbulent flow (nasal conchae)
• Conditioning the air that goes to the lungs- warms and moistens
• Recover water from expired air
• Speech production (phonation)

Question 4

the floor of the nasal cavity is in the ………………..plane

Answer 4

horizontal

Question 5

How do we not inhale food all the time

Answer 5

The pharynx and larynx work together to ensure food and air enter the oesophagus and trachea respectively- epiglottitis of the larynx covers the trachea when swallowing

Question 6

function of the pharynx

Answer 6

Pharynx’s coordinates swallow so we don’t aspirate

Question 7

function of the larynx

Answer 7

Also Stops food going into the airway. The epiglottitis blocks the trachea when we swallow.

Question 8

do the lungs have the same number of lobes

Answer 8

NOOOOO

Question 9

the right lung has …… lobes

Answer 9

3 lobes (3 lobar bronchi)

Question 10

the left lung has ………. lobes

Answer 10

2 lobes (2 lobar bronchi)

Question 11

the upper airway is known as the

Answer 11

conducting airway

Question 12

what is the sturcture of the treache

Answer 12

• horseshoe shape ring of cartilage

Would be uncomfortable to swallow if it went all the way round

Question 13

list the order of the respiratory system

Answer 13

• nose/mouth
• trachea
• primary (main) bronchi
• secondary (lobar) bronchi
• tertiary (segmental) bronchi
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles
• respiratory bronchioles
• alveoli

Question 14

bones of the throacic cavity

Answer 14

Question 15

what separates the lungs

Answer 15

mediastinum and heart

Question 16

the diaphragm separates the

Answer 16

abdominal and throacic cavity (although they can be thought of as a single cavity)

Question 17

Movement of thorax occurs due to

Answer 17

the demi facet joints, supported by various ligaments

Question 18

• Ribs move out laterally to increase volume of chest
  
  • Due to

Answer 18

bucket handle movement

Question 19

• Ribs move outwards and up
  
  • due to

Answer 19

Pump handle movement

Question 20

• Diaphragm contracts and flattens to

Answer 20

to increase volume of the thorax

Question 21

flattening of the diaphragm causes

Answer 21

• Causes a drop in intrathoracic pressure which causes air to be drawn in
  
  • Alveolar pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure for air to enter the alveoli

Question 22

Innervation of the diaphragm

Answer 22

• The phrenic (left and right) (Cervical C3 C4 C5 keeps the diaphragm alive)
  
  • Motor and sensory (sensory to pericardium too)
• The Vagus (left and right) (Cranial 10)

Question 24

the intercostal muscles are

Answer 24

• Less significant to ventilation (accept when exercising’s)
  
  • External intercostal (anteroinferior direction)
  • Internal “” (perpendicular to external intercostal)
  • Innermost (same direction of internal)

Question 25

neurovascular supply of the intercostal muscle exists between the

Answer 25

• the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Question 26

outline the anatomy of the neurovascualr supply to the intercostal muscles

Answer 26

• Major bundle below each rib
• Minor bundle above each rib

Intercostal arteries come round from the back from the aorta. Also intercostal arteries coming from the intercostal vessels –> dual blood supplies (risk of bleeding)

Question 27

chest drains and major/minor bundles

Answer 27

• If doing a chest drain (5^th intercostal) you want to avoid these bundles (esp the major)
• Therefore go above the rib (smaller bundle)- above the 6^th rib to avoid the major bundle of the 5^th rib

Question 29

The diaphragm-……… major holes at three different levels (T8,T10, T12)

Answer 29

three

• vena cava
• oesophagus
• aortic hitatus

Question 30

vena cava level of hole in diaphragm

Answer 30

T8

Question 31

oesophagus level of hole in diaphragm

Answer 31

T10

Question 32

aortic hiatus level of hole in diaphragm

Answer 32

T12

Question 33

Accessory muscles

Answer 33

• Scalene
• Trapz
• SCM
• Pec major
• External intercostal

When we are out of breath we start to use our accessory muscles like the pectoral muscles

Question 34

chest drain is from

Answer 34

from drain T5

Question 35

Venous drainage of the thorax

Question 36

Azygous vein does not

Answer 36

have an artery

• Azygos vein drains intercostal right intercostal and accessory hemiazygos drain from the left

Question 37

fissures of the the right lung

Answer 37

2

• horizontal fissure
• oblique fissure

Question 38

fissures of the the left lung

Answer 38

just the oblique

Question 39

right vs left bronchi

Answer 39

Right main bronchus sits at a much straighter angle than the left main bronchus- this means- if there is an inhaled foreign body it would probably be down the right main bronchus (T4)

Question 40

Media stinum

Answer 40

Sub divided into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum

Question 41

what separates the superior emdiastinum and the inferior mediastinum

Answer 41

plain of Louis (T4/5)

Question 42

The pleura

Answer 42

Serous membrane with visceral and parietal layer

in between these layers is the pleural cavity– potnetial space with a small amount of pleural fluid

Question 43

parietal pleura and pain

Answer 43

Parietal pleura has a somatic innervation and feels pain

Question 44

Visceral pleura x

Answer 44

Visceral pleura invests the lung and goes down into the fissures. Autonomic innervation. Does not feel pain like the parietal pleura.

Question 45

where does the pleura cover

Answer 45

Visceral pleura invests the lung and goes down into the fissures. Autonomic innervation. Does not feel pain like the parietal pleura.

Question 46

blood supply of the lungs

Answer 46

Dual blood supply

• Bronchial artery (branch of the aorta)
• Bronchial vein
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein

Question 47

surface anatomy of the respiratory system

Answer 47

• Dome of the diaphragm extends up to the 4^th intercostal space
• Left extends lower to the 5^th intercostal at its peak due to the liver