Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is sports medicine ?
A
- The number of professional groups that involve themselves or are considered sports medicine professionals continues to grow
- The main focus by all involved has remained philosophically constant
2
Q
What is the sports medicine philosophy?
A
- Application of medical & scientific knowledge by healthcare professionals that work towards prevention & care of illness or injury that may occur when participating in sport or recreational activities
3
Q
Why is the sports medicine philosophy important?
A
- Working with these professionals can lead to an optimal state of physical fitness
- in turn this will enhance performance & reduce the time they may be out of action when an injury does occur
4
Q
What are 10 types of sports medicine professionals?
A
- doctor, athletic therapist, physiotherapist, chiropractor, dentist, massage therapist, nutritionist, bio mechanist, exercise/sports physiologist
5
Q
What is the sports medicine team concept?
A
- individuals who will ultimately impact on the athletes overall health & general well being
6
Q
What is injury prevention & risk management?
A
- All sport has a inherent risk associated with it
- There is a less than 50% chance injury will occur once you enter the playing arena
- Many sport injuries are accidental with no preventable intervention
- Most have direct or indirect variables associated with them
7
Q
What are direct & indirect variables of injury prevention & risk management?
A
- Individual readiness to participate in the sport
- The environmental conditions (i.e.m, wet playing surface)
- Improper use of equipment: Protective (helmet), Sport specific (hockey stick)
8
Q
What are extrinsic & intrinsic factors of injury prevention & risk management ?
A
- extrinsic = dealing with external broad based variables
- intrinsic = dealing with internal or individual focused variables
9
Q
What are 3 factors of extrinsic injury prevention & risk management ?
A
- exposure to an injury situation
- the environment
- equipment
10
Q
What are 4 ways that exposure to an injury situation is an extrinsic factor of injury prevention & risk management?
A
- Potential hazards & unique risks of sport
- Position played
- Playing time/competitive level
- Overuse of practice & training time
11
Q
What are 3 ways that environment is an extrinsic factor of injury prevention & risk management?
A
- Type & condition of playing surface (i.e., weather, time of day/season)
- Crowd control
- Laxity of officials
12
Q
What are 2 ways that equipment is an extrinsic factor of injury prevention & risk management?
A
- Protective equipment
- Footwear
13
Q
What are some factors of intrinsic injury prevention & risk management?
A
- Age, gender, somatotype, physical maturation, endurance, muscular tightness, joint stability, previous injury, reaction time/balance/agility/speed/accuracy/coordination
14
Q
What are the mental & psychological aspects of intrinsic injury prevention & risk management ?
A
- Innate intelligence, creativity, motivation, discipline, skill level
- Past experience in sport
- The need to take risks
15
Q
What are the 5 steps of risk management?
A
- Identify the risk
- Measuring the risk
- Developing solutions (i.e., equipment, coaching standards (i.e., NCCP, emergency care training))
- Implementing the solution: requirement of the rules or league
- Monitoring & reviewing the potential exposure to risk
16
Q
What are 7 ways data is collected for risk management?
A
- national safety council
- annual survey of football injury research
- national football head & neck injury registry
- national electronic injury surveillance system
- national high school injury registry
- Canadian standard association
- Canadian intercollegiate sport injury registry program
17
Q
What are 4 risk management outcomes?
A
- Rule Changes & Severity of Punishment for Infractions
- Help Manufactures of Equipment Set Standards for Safety & Product Improvement
- Insurance Companies use Data to Help Set Rates
- Players, Coaches, Parents, & the General Public Better Understand Inherent Risk of Sports Participation
18
Q
What are 3 types of risk potential in sports? How high is the risk?
A
- Collision Types: Inherent risk is high (i.e., football, hockey, rugby)
- Contact Types: Inherent risk is moderate (i.e., basketball, soccer, handball, wrestling)
- Non Contact Types: Inherent risk is lower (i.e., tennis, volleyball, swimming, cross-country skiing)
19
Q
What is liability?
A
- Legal (not moral) responsibility of something
- in a given situation, to carry out such action in a reasonable & prudent manner makes them legally liable for the consequences of their action
20
Q
What is tort?
A
- a tort is a Civil wrong other than breech of contract where the court will provide remedy in the form of damages
- A vague legal term used to describe actionable legal wrongs in the judicial system
21
Q
What are 3 examples of tort laws?
A
- Attractive Nuisance: a dangerous condition on a property that poses a risk - i.e., Swimming pools, climbing apparatus, trampoline make up 15% of all court cases
- Defamation: false information about someone/something - Make up 5% of court cases
- Personal Negligence: failure to act with the level of care that a reasonable person would - Makes up 80% of court cases
22
Q
What is negligence?
A
- failure to take proper care of something
- it is expected the reasonable person will take on a common sense approach & deal with it within their scope of training & level of expertise
23
Q
What is an example of potential negligence?
A
- Taking a group of novice canoeists down rapids
- The reasonable person would be cautious, provide intensive instruction before, & fully appraise participants of risk
- Other examples include rock climbing, swimming, down hill skiing
24
Q
What are 2 conducts of negligence? (I.e., ways to end up in court)
A
- omission: failure to carry out a duty
- commission: performing an act unsafely or likely to cause danger
25
Q
What are 3 conditions necessary for a negligence action?
A
- risk must exist to a strong degree
- failure to meet duty or obligation Tom a certain standard of conduct
- proximate cause
26
Q
What is foreseeability?
A
- The relationship between the duty or standard of conduct & the actual injuries or damages resulting
- how likely it was that someone could have predicted the consequences of their actions
- i.e., if an instructor allows 5 people on a trampoline it is foreseeable that injury might occur
27
Q
What is in loco parents?
A
- A person who stands in place of the parent, commonly used with respect to making decisions in dealing with minors under the age of 18
- A coach does not stand in loco parentis, especially in terms of medical decisions
28
Q
What is public policy theory?
A
- It is better to compensate an innocent victim at the expense of a wrongdoer even if accidental, than have the victim bear at burden
29
Q
What is res ipsa loquitor?
A
- the shifting of onus, so that the defendant must disprove negligence
- presumed to be negligent if he/she had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury even though there is no specific evidence of an act of negligence, & without negligence the accident would not have happened
- i.e., the thing speaks for itself
30
Q
What are 6 defences to negligence actions?
A
- vas major
- volenti
- contributory negligence
- proximate cause
- act of god
- insurance
31
Q
What is vas major?
A
- meaning a pure accident
32
Q
What is volenti?
A
- refers to a voluntarily assumption of risk
- an individual willingly places themselves in a position where harm might result, knowing that some degree of harm might result, they are not able to bring a claim against the other party in tort or delict
33
Q
What is contributory negligence ?
A
- Victim acted carelessly or failed to obey instructions
34
Q
What is act of god negligence?
A
- negligence cannot occur if it was an act of god
- i.e., lightning strike causes a fire to start
35
Q
What is insurance?
A
- Schools & institutions covered by “Public School Act” & general liability
- Recommended minimum for Canada now 1,000,000
- Reviewed on a regular basis anticipating an increase at the time civil action of the matter is heard
36
Q
What are 5 areas for potential negligence?
A
- supervision
- instruction
- unsafe facilities
- defective equipment
- transportation
37
Q
What are 9 ways to prevent any kind of legal action?
A
- 1) Physical examination for strenuous activities & waiver forms at commencement of participation
- 2) Insure facility, equipment, etc are safe
- 3) Emergency Action Plan in place
- 4) Never compel a person to participate against his/her wishes
- 5) Never advise to play injured
- 6) Get consent from injured party before providing first aid
- 7) Never delay seeking medical assistance
- 8) Use common sense, know your limitations
- 9) Keep accurate records of all accidents & subsequent actions
38
Q
How does proper conditioning prevent injury?
A
- properly graded conditioning programs will result in changes of both, structure & function of the body systems & tissues
39
Q
What changes occur with proper conditioning?
A
- Connective tissue structures will become thicker, denser & stronger providing for increased stability of joints
- Muscle cross sectional area will increase leading to increase in strength & work capacity
- Bone will increase in density when positively stressed
40
Q
What are the 3 principles of proper conditioning & injury prevention? And what format do they follow?
A
- cardio respiratory fitness, muscular strength & endurance, flexibility
- follows the FITT principle
41
Q
What are 3 components of muscular fitness?
A
- strength
- endurance
- overload principle
42
Q
What is strength?
A
- Strength: The ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a maximum resistance for a single repetition
43
Q
What is muscular endurance?
A
- Endurance: The ability of a muscle or group to repeatedly exert force against a resistance over a given period of time
44
Q
What is the overload principle?
A
- Overload Principle: Muscles must be stressed to higher levels at each workout for change in strength or endurance is to be achieved
45
Q
What is isotonic?
A
- Involves Concentric & Eccentric muscle contraction
- the resistance is fixed & the ability to perform work is limited by the muscles weak point within the active ROM
46
Q
What is isometric contraction?
A
- a contraction without movement (holding weight)
- Strength gains are limited to a given angle with overlap into the other angle by about 30%
- Time consuming as each contraction must be held for 8-10 seconds
47
Q
What is a warmup? Why is it important?
A
- The function is to prepare the body for safe participation in sport
- Warm-up is intended to:
- Increase heart rate & core temperature - i.e., Static stretching 3-4 reps for 20-30 seconds hold, General & specific body movements
48
Q
What is a cooldown?
A
- Main function is to restore body to resting state
- I.e., light cardio, general static stretch, replace fluid stores
49
Q
What does a good program look like during the conditioning season?
A
- A good conditioning program should reflect the sport demands & the time period the sport is played in
50
Q
What are the 4 seasons in the conditioning season?
A
- post season
- off season
- pre season
- in season
51
Q
What is the post season portion of the conditioning seasons?
A
- The time period varies in length generally speaking 2-3 weeks, though it may go directly into the off season time
- recognized for physical & mental recovery from injuries suffered during the season or from any surgery performed
52
Q
What is the off season season portion of the conditioning seasons?
A
- used for psychological rest
- The athlete is encouraged to participate in recreational activities different from their sport, but still requiring physical exertion
- The main emphasis is that the athlete does not become de-conditioned nor does he/she become overweight etc
53
Q
What is the pre season portion of the conditioning seasons?
A
- This period should begin approximately 2-3 months prior to the season
- The main emphasis being on restoring all components of fitness to participation levels & should focus on the following:
- cardio respiratory endurance, muscular strength/endurance, flexibility, sport related skills & skill development
54
Q
What is the in season portion of the conditioning seasons?
A
- focus is to maintain the components of fitness developed in the pre-season
- participate in conditioning activities at least 2 but not more than 3 times per week
- intensity should be at least 80% of what the athlete had been doing in their pre season workouts
55
Q
What are the 3 functions of nutrition?
A
- Provide fuel & energy - i.e., carbohydrates
- Build, maintain & repair tissue - i.e., protein
- Regulate body processes - i.e., vitamins & minerals
56
Q
Why is a balanced diet important?
A
- All foods must be consumed in balance to provide proper levels of nutrients to the body
- Canada’s Food Guide recommends:
- Variety
- Energy Balance - Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 1000-1500 kCal
- Moderation - control fat, sugar & salt intake
57
Q
What are the 4 main food sources? What nutrients do they provide?
A
- Milk & Milk Products - calcium, vitamin D, Fat
- Meat, Fish, Poultry - protein
- Breads & Cereals - Carbs
- Fruits & Vegetables - vitamins/minerals
58
Q
What are the 6 types of essential nutrients?
A
- Carbohydrates - 55-60% of daily intake
- Proteins - 10-15% of daily intake
- Fats - 25-30% of daily intake (no more than 10% of saturated fat)
- Vitamins (A, D, E, K)
- Minerals
- Water
59
Q
How should one eat pre game?
A
- 3-4 hours prior to competition, most of your energy for the event primarily comes from the previous days meals
- Consume approximately 2000 calories
- Foods that empty easily from digestive tract
- Water/liquids are key
60
Q
How should one eat pre event?
A
- No later than 30 mins prior to event
- Approximately 400 calories: Low in bulk (avoid whole grain, fruits & vegetables)
- Hydration is key (500-750 ml of liquid)
61
Q
How do we gain & lose weight?
A
- Weight Gain: Increased energy in & decreased energy out
- Weight Loss: Decreased energy in & increased energy out
- Note that 3500 calories = 1 pound of fat
62
Q
How does protective equipment help prevent injury?
A
- The effect of an impact force on the human body is dependant upon the magnitude & duration of that force & the area of the body to which that force is applied
- Protect the body from impact forces by any or all of the following:
- Absorption - Deflection - Dissipation
63
Q
What are 2 forces protective equipment can protect you from?
A
- High Velocity Low Mass Forces: I.e., Being hit by a baseball, hockey puck, bat.
- Result: concentrated force focal injury - Low Velocity High Mass Force: I.e., Being hit by an opponent ;or hitting the ground
- Result: generally a diffuse injury as the force is spread over a large area
64
Q
What are 4 functions to know protective equipment will be effective?
A
- include an absorptive phase between impact & rebound
- distribute impact to strong parts of the body
- prevent abrasions and lacerations
- be heat and flame resistant
