Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are 4 types of primary traumas?
A
- direct
- indirect
- acute trauma
- overuse micro trauma
2
Q
What is direct/indirect trauma?
A
- direct: injury resulting from a direct impact
- indirect: did not directly witness or experience a traumatic event
themselves
3
Q
What is acute trauma?
A
- a single, sudden, and short-lived traumatic event that occurs unexpectedly (can be direct or indirect)
4
Q
What is overuse micro trauma?
A
- small, often undetectable injury to a muscle, tendon, or bone that occurs due to repetitive stress over a prolonged period
5
Q
What is a muscle strain?
A
- an injury to the muscle tendon unit
- result of a sudden intense contraction or abnormal stretch of the affected muscle
- Severity is classified in degrees & may range from a slight stretch to a complete rupture of a muscle or tendon
- When a muscle is damaged, its ability to cause movement or exert force against a resistance is diminished
6
Q
What is a 1st degree muscle strain?
A
- a mild muscle injury where only a few muscle fibers are stretched or torn (i.e., pulled muscle)
- Findings: Mild point tenderness, Able to move joint through near full range, mild muscle spasm, minor swelling, can exert force against resistance, still strong & causing slight discomfort
7
Q
What is a 2nd degree muscle strain?
A
- a moderate level of muscle injury, where a significant number of muscle fibers are partially torn
- findings: moderate muscle spasm, diffuse pain & swelling, increased pain with movement, moderate loss of strength & function
8
Q
What is a 3rd degree muscle strain?
A
- a complete rupture of a muscle or tendon
- findings: Severe pain, swelling, disability & muscle spasm (may be painless), May be unable to move the associated joint, A deflect or divot may be felt in the muscle belly or tendon, If the muscle belly is involved the torn strip may contract & produce a noticeable bulge
9
Q
What are 3 types of contusions?
A
- mild or 1st degree: Knee flexes past 90 degrees
- moderate or 2nd degree: Knee flexes between 45-90 degrees
- severe or 3rd degree: Knee flexes <45 degrees
10
Q
What is tendonitis/tenosynovitis?
A
- Inflammation of a tendon unit
- It may sometimes be caused by sudden trauma but in most cases the injury is a result of overuse
- Tendonitis is a progressive injury, As the condition becomes worse, pain & disability increases
11
Q
What are the 3 phases of tendinitis?
A
- Phase 1: Athlete complains of some pain following activity
- Phase 2: Athlete complains of some pain during & after activity but is still able to compete at their normal level
- Phase 3: Athlete is unable to compete at level to which he/she has pain all the time
12
Q
What is tendonosis?
A
- Not inflammatory in nature, but rather a degenerative progression
- tissue deteriorates over a period of time from previous injury or traumatic events
- Repeated injury leads to poor re-vascularization & chronic fibrotic inelastic tissue repair
13
Q
What is tendonopathy?
A
- Implies a change in the structural matrix of the tendon
- The tendon has lost its normal sheen & appears as an opaque substance that has very little resemblance to the healthy tissue
14
Q
What is a musculoskeletal evaluation?
A
- The order of assessment is specific & followed the same way every time you evaluate a problem
- The evaluation process follows the basic principles as initially laid out by James Cyriax
15
Q
What are the 7 assessments of a musculoskeletal evaluation?
A
- patient history
- history of the present injury
- past history
- index of suspicion
- observation
- functional exam
- special tests
16
Q
How do you check a patients history?
A
- General background, age, activities (work, recreational, sport, etc, current health status, alcohol, smoker, meds
17
Q
How do you identify the history of the patients injury?
A
- want the patient to paint a picture; What was the specific cause of the injury?
- mechanism of injury (MOI); get them to be as specific as possible so you can see what is possibly happening to the anatomical structures as they are being stressed i.e. compression, tension, shear?
- Get them to put a finger on the area of injury or pain
18
Q
What is the acronym to help identify signs & symptoms of a patients injury?
A
- P - What provokes or makes the problem worse?
- P - What palliates or makes the problem better ? (ie. rest, heat, ice, etc.)
- Q - What is the quality of the pain ?
- R - Where is the pain region or does it radiate?
- S - How severe-is the pain ?
- T- When did the pain begin or the time of day it is the worse?
19
Q
How do you identify the past history of the patient?
A
- find out if there were any previous problems or injuries to the body part
- find out how recent & what extent of injury did they suffer
- were they immobilized for any length of time or if they had to use crutches
20
Q
What is the index of suspicion ?
A
- The information you gathered should allow you to develop, with (80% or better) confidence an index of 3 things that you feel are the most involved tissue or structures with respect to your patients problem
21
Q
How do you do an observation on a musculoskeletal evaluation? What should you look for?
A
- This should include a full body postural scan but can be made specific to lower or upper body injuries
- Back injuries will almost always require a full body scan
- Specific things to look for include: Atrophy, Asymmetry, Swelling, Deformity, Discolouration
22
Q
What is a functional exam in a musculoskeletal evaluation?
A
- broken down into three parts & done in the following order to be the least stressful on the injured area
- Active Test
- Passive Tests
- Isometric Resisted Tests
23
Q
What are special tests in a musculoskeletal evaluation?
A
- specific tests that practitioners have developed to mimic or cause stress to specific tissue structures
24
Q
What are some types of special tests ? What do they evaluate?
A
- Empty Can: recreates impingement of the Supraspinatus tendon.
- Lachman Test: ACL
- mcmurrays test: meniscus
- valgus/varus stress test: valgus (MCL) varus (LCL)
- anterior/posterior drawer test: ACL/PCL
- anterior drawer: ATFL
- inversion stress tests x3: ATFL/CFL/PTFL
- apprehension test: previous dislocated/subluxed shoulder
- speeds test: biceps tendon
