Lecture 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Process Safety
In the chemical, petrochemical and most other industries, you will find that all companies are required to have an occupational safety program, with a focus on ________
personal safety.
“a discipline that focuses on the prevention of fires, explosions, and accidental chemical releases at chemical process facilities”
Process Safety
It is all about the prevention of, preparedness for, mitigation of, response to, or restoration from catastrophic releases of chemicals or energy from a process associated with a facility.
Process Safety
an independent commission was created to examine the process safety mindset, or culture, of BPs refinery operations, this commission came to be known as the
Baker Panel
Who began the manufacturing of nitroglycerine and what year?
Alfred Nobel, 1864.
Alfred Nobel’s major breakthrough was discovering that when mixed with an inert carrier, it became safer to handle. This form of nitroglycerine is called
dynamite
In 1976, a runaway reaction occurred near Seveso, Italy that resulted in the release of _____ into residential areas
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, commonly known as dioxin
This incident eventually led to stricter regulations for the process industries in the European Economic Community in 1982, under what is known as the
Seveso Directive
a toxic and flammable material, occurred at a chemical plant in Bhopal, India, killing more than 3,000 people.
methylisocyanate
The Bhopal incident led to the formation of the
Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS)
is a not-for-profit organization that is part of the U.S. based American Institute for Chemical Engineers with a mission to improve industrial process safety
Center for Chemical Process Safety
is a formally established and documented set of activities and procedures designed to produce specific results in a consistent manner on a sustainable basis.
A management system
is a management system that is focused on prevention of, preparedness for, mitigation of, response to, or restoration from releases of chemicals or energy from a process associated with a facility.
Process Safety Management (PSM)
Many people developed _________, a skin disease, and a 17 km² (6.6 mile²) area was made
uninhabitable.
Chloracne
issued PSM guidelines.
in 1985 the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), which later became the American Chemical Council (ACC)
By 1989, the CCPS introduced a set of __ process safety management elements.
12
also issued PSM guidelines in 1990.
The American Petroleum Institute (API)
issued its own version in 1995 under the authority of the Clean Air Act.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
EPA RMP covers the impacts of
hazards off-site.
issued the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals (OSHA HHC) regulation, which had its own, although similar, set of process safety management elements
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
the CCPS created _____ as the framework for the next generation of process safety management.
risk-based process safety (RBPS)
Managing Risk focuses on four issues:
(1) prudently operating and maintaining processes that pose the risk,
(2) managing changes to those processes to ensure that the risk remains tolerable,
(3) maintaining the integrity of equipment and assuring quality of materials, fabrications, and repairs, and
(4) preparing for, responding to, and managing incidents that do occur.
OSHA PSM regulations cover the impacts of
hazards to workers on-site.
is “the possibility of loss or injury” or “someone or something that creates or suggests a hazard”
risk
This is the cornerstone of process safety excellence.
Commitment to Process Safety
Pillars of Process Safety
- Commit to Process Safety
- Understand Hazards and Risk
- Manage Risk
- Learn from Experience
Thus, in the process industries, understanding the risk associated with an activity requires answering the following questions:
- What can go wrong? (human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss).
- How bad could it be? (magnitude of the loss or injury).
- How often might it happen? (likelihood of the loss or injury)
The CCPS definition has three elements as opposed to two:
- the hazard (what can go wrong),
- the magnitude (how bad can it be), and
- the likelihood (how often can it happen)
There are five elements to the pillar of Commit to Process Safety.
Process Safety Culture
Compliance with Standards
Process Safety Competency
Workforce Involvement
Stakeholder Outreach
is widely credited for reductions in major accident risk and in improved process safety performance in the process industry.
PSM
