Lecture 1 Flashcards
what is the order of the geologic time scale?
cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian. triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
what is homology?
it is similar character through common ancestry
what is taxonomy ?
produces a formal system to name and
group species – communicates hierarchical
order
what is Taxa?
organisms in the rank
what is Homoplasy?
Similar character through convergent evolution; not (recently) related
name the Phyletic groups?
Monophyletic, Paraphyletic and polyphyletic
what is monophyletic group?
includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants
what is paraphyletic group?
is a monophyletic group that excludes some of the descendants. think reptile and birds
what is a polyphyletic group?
a group consists of member from two non-overlapping monophyletic group
name all the Evolutionary Transitions in Animals
Levels of organization/complexity, body symmetry, body cavity organization, developmental traits and true segmentation
define the protoplasmic level
at that stage it is not an animal but it is living. and reproduce on its own like a unicellular eukaryotes
define the cellular level?
Aggregation of cells that have differentiated functions, has no tissue and not an animal. example is choanoflagellates
define the cell-tissue level?
Specific cells work together to have specific function like placozoa. these are animals.
define tissue level?
True tissues secrete an extracellular matrix-like plasmas and collagen a highly coordinated unit. like nerve nets in cnidarians.
define organs and organ systems level?
Tissues work together to form an organ with specialized function like the digestive system
define asymmetry?
haveing no symmetry and that no plane that can be divided
define radial?
to have similar halves, like equal parts of a pizza
define biradial?
it’s to have only one or two planes that will be equal
define bilateral?
having mirrored left and right halves when cut on sagittal planes
define germ layer?
a three embryonic herm layer which is triploblastic and consists of the Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm(true body cavity)
what are Cnidarians and ctenophores?
they are diploblastic so they cannot have a true body cavity
define Acelomate?
the cavity is the mesoderm and the endoderm lines has the gut tube between it
define Pseudocoelomate?
there is no cavity space and nothing is lined along the endoderm
define Coelomate?
the cavity is lined all around
what is Protostome
to be in this subject the mouth had to have been developed first and then the anus
what is Deuterostome?
it is to have the anus developed first and then the mouth
how is the coelom formed for a deuterostome?
by the outpocketing process known as enterocoelous
what is the regulative embryo for a deuterostome?
if one embryo is removed from the cell the others will become noral larva
What type of cleavage do deuterostome have?
they have radial cleavage
what type of cleavge do Protostome have?
they have spiral cleavage
what is the mosaic embryo for a Protostome?
when one embry gets removed the whole blastomere goes into development arrest
how does the coelom form for a Protostome?
it forms by splitting which is a process called schizocoelous
what is true segmentation?
This are animals who have visible separations on their body like a lobsters
name each Big basal splits
Metazoa, Porifera, Radiata, Placozoa and Bilateral
define the Metazoa
This is the based of the branch where the split of the animal groups occur
define Porifera?
these are consider the sponges
define Radiata?
Subdivided into two categories Ctenophora and Cnidaria, these are the jellyfish
define bilateria
these contain two sub-groups prostostomia and deuterostomia
