Lecture 1

Question 1

what is the order of the geologic time scale?

Answer 1

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian. triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

Question 2

what is homology?

Answer 2

it is similar character through common ancestry

Question 3

what is taxonomy ?

Answer 3

produces a formal system to name and
group species – communicates hierarchical
order

Question 4

what is Taxa?

Answer 4

organisms in the rank

Question 5

what is Homoplasy?

Answer 5

Similar character through convergent evolution; not (recently) related

Question 6

name the Phyletic groups?

Answer 6

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic and polyphyletic

Question 7

what is monophyletic group?

Answer 7

includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 8

what is paraphyletic group?

Answer 8

is a monophyletic group that excludes some of the descendants. think reptile and birds

Question 9

what is a polyphyletic group?

Answer 9

a group consists of member from two non-overlapping monophyletic group

Question 10

name all the Evolutionary Transitions in Animals

Answer 10

Levels of organization/complexity, body symmetry, body cavity organization, developmental traits and true segmentation

Question 11

define the protoplasmic level

Answer 11

at that stage it is not an animal but it is living. and reproduce on its own like a unicellular eukaryotes

Question 12

define the cellular level?

Answer 12

Aggregation of cells that have differentiated functions, has no tissue and not an animal. example is choanoflagellates

Question 13

define the cell-tissue level?

Answer 13

Specific cells work together to have specific function like placozoa. these are animals.

Question 14

define tissue level?

Answer 14

True tissues secrete an extracellular matrix-like plasmas and collagen a highly coordinated unit. like nerve nets in cnidarians.

Question 15

define organs and organ systems level?

Answer 15

Tissues work together to form an organ with specialized function like the digestive system

Question 16

define asymmetry?

Answer 16

haveing no symmetry and that no plane that can be divided

Question 17

define radial?

Answer 17

to have similar halves, like equal parts of a pizza

Question 18

define biradial?

Answer 18

it’s to have only one or two planes that will be equal

Question 19

define bilateral?

Answer 19

having mirrored left and right halves when cut on sagittal planes

Question 20

define germ layer?

Answer 20

a three embryonic herm layer which is triploblastic and consists of the Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm(true body cavity)

Question 21

what are Cnidarians and ctenophores?

Answer 21

they are diploblastic so they cannot have a true body cavity

Question 22

define Acelomate?

Answer 22

the cavity is the mesoderm and the endoderm lines has the gut tube between it

Question 23

define Pseudocoelomate?

Answer 23

there is no cavity space and nothing is lined along the endoderm

Question 24

define Coelomate?

Answer 24

the cavity is lined all around

Question 25

what is Protostome

Answer 25

to be in this subject the mouth had to have been developed first and then the anus

Question 26

what is Deuterostome?

Answer 26

it is to have the anus developed first and then the mouth

Question 27

how is the coelom formed for a deuterostome?

Answer 27

by the outpocketing process known as enterocoelous

Question 28

what is the regulative embryo for a deuterostome?

Answer 28

if one embryo is removed from the cell the others will become noral larva

Question 29

What type of cleavage do deuterostome have?

Answer 29

they have radial cleavage

Question 30

what type of cleavge do Protostome have?

Answer 30

they have spiral cleavage

Question 31

what is the mosaic embryo for a Protostome?

Answer 31

when one embry gets removed the whole blastomere goes into development arrest

Question 32

how does the coelom form for a Protostome?

Answer 32

it forms by splitting which is a process called schizocoelous

Question 33

what is true segmentation?

Answer 33

This are animals who have visible separations on their body like a lobsters

Question 34

name each Big basal splits

Answer 34

Metazoa, Porifera, Radiata, Placozoa and Bilateral

Question 35

define the Metazoa

Answer 35

This is the based of the branch where the split of the animal groups occur

Question 36

define Porifera?

Answer 36

these are consider the sponges

Question 37

define Radiata?

Answer 37

Subdivided into two categories Ctenophora and Cnidaria, these are the jellyfish

Question 38

define bilateria

Answer 38

these contain two sub-groups prostostomia and deuterostomia