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Radiologic Physics > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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2
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work.

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3
Q

Atoms

A

All matter is composed of fundamental building blocks which are arranged in various complex ways

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4
Q

Mass

A

A primary distinguishing characteristic of matter.
the quantity of matter contained in any physical object

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5
Q

Forms of energy

A

-Solar
-Mechanical
-Radiation
-Sound
-Chemical

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6
Q

Potential energy

A

Ability to do work by virtue of position
ex: roller coaster or stretch spring

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7
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion, work because of motion
ex: moving car or moving river

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8
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy released by chemical reaction
ex: energy from the food we eat

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9
Q

Electrical energy

A

Electrons moving through an electrical potential difference
ex: household electricity – 110 volts

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10
Q

Thermal energy

A

Energy of motion at the atomic and molecular level. The kinetic energy of molecules vibrating.
ex: solar energy to heat water

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11
Q

Nuclear energy

A

Energy contained in the nucleus of an atom
ex: nuclear electric power plants

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12
Q

Electromagnetic energy

A

Radiation is the transfer of energy (usually
through space); often referred to Electromagnetic radiation when it is traveling through space

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13
Q

Exposed or Irradiated

A

Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is exposed or irradiated

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14
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

is radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing the atom to become charged or ionized (examples: gamma rays, neutrons)

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15
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

is radiation without enough energy to separate molecules or remove electrons from atoms. Examples are visible light, radio, television waves, ultra violet (UV), and microwaves with a large spectrum of energies

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16
Q

Sound energy

A

is a kinetic (mechanical) energy caused by the physical vibration of air particles or molecules that moves through substances

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17
Q

Radioactivity

A

is the spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom and often results in the emission of radiation. This process is referred to as a transformation, a decay or
a disintegrations of an atom

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18
Q

Radioactive Material

A

is any material that contains radioactive atoms

19
Q

Radioactive Contamination

A

is radioactive material distributed over some area, equipment or person

20
Q

MRI Signal Production

A

-Images are created by interaction of a magnetic field and radiowaves with tissue
-Atoms – Nucleus – Electrons
-Non-Ionizing Radiation

21
Q
A

Sonography
Uses a mechanical wave to
generate the image
Non-ionizing

22
Q
A

X-ray energy is used to expose
or irradiate patients for
medical treatments or
diagnosis

23
Q

Ionizing radiation occurs in two forms

A

wave and particle

24
Q

Particle radiation

A

-Alpha
-Beta
-Neutron

25
Q

Waves radiation

A

-Gamma Rays
-X-Rays

26
Q

Alpha

A

An alpha is a particle emitted from the nucleus of an atom, that contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
It is identical to the nucleus of a Helium atom, without the electrons

27
Q

Beta

A

A beta is a high speed particle, identical to an electron, that is emitted from the nucleus of an atom

28
Q

Neutron

A

Neutrons are neutral particles that are normally contained in the nucleus of all atoms and may be removed by various interactions or processes like collision and fission

29
Q

Gamma Rays

A

Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves / photons emitted from the nucleus (center) of an atom

30
Q

X-Rays

A

X- Rays are electromagnetic waves / photons emitted not from the nucleus, but normally emitted by energy changes in electrons. These energy changes are either in electron orbital shells that surround an atom or in the process of slowing down electrons, such as in an X-ray machine.

31
Q

Alpha Decay

A

a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom
-Alpha decay only occurs in very heavy elements such as uranium, thorium and radium

32
Q

Beta decay

A

a radioactive process in which an electron is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom, along with an unusual particle called an antineutrino (almost massless particle that
carries away some of the energy)

33
Q

Neutron radiation

A

a form of ionizing radiation that presents a free neutrons. Typical phenomena are nuclear fission or nuclear fusion causing the release of free neutrons, which then react with nuclei of other atoms to form new isotopes—which, in turn, may trigger further neutron radiation

34
Q

Crookes tube

A

-large partially evacuated glass tubes
-the beginning of the modern fluorescent
lamps and x-ray tubes

35
Q

Many university physics labs were
investigating the conduction of cathode
rays… electrons

A

in 1870s & 1880s

36
Q

Birth of X-Ray

A

November 8, 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovered x-rays
-Honored in 1901 with the first Nobel prize in physics for his efforts

37
Q

First Radiograph

A

Anna Bertha Roentgen, 15 min exposure

38
Q

Gray (Gy)

A

-to measure absorbed dose … the amount of energy actually absorbed in some material, and is used for any type of radiation and any material (doesn’t describe the biological effects of the different radiations)
Gy = J / kg (one joule of energy deposited in one kg of a material)

39
Q

Sievert (Sv)

A

to derive equivalent dose … the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation
Sv = Gy x Q (Q = quality factor unique to the type of incident radiation)

40
Q

Becquerel (Bq)

A

to measure a radioactivity … the quantity of a radioactive material that have 1 transformations /1s
Bq = one transformation per second, there are 3.7 x 1010 Bq in one curie

41
Q

Roentgen (R)

A

to measure exposure but only to describe for gamma and X-rays, and only in air.
R = depositing in dry air enough energy to cause 2.58E-4 coulombs per kg
Air kerma = depositing in dry air, exposure in air

42
Q

Curie (Ci)

A

to measure radioactivity. One curie is that quantity of a radioactive material that will
have 37,000,000,000 transformations in one second. 3.7 x 1010 Bq

43
Q
A

Radiologic Physics (6 decks)

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