Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the modern goal of understanding in the field of nutrition?

Answer 1

Understanding optimal levels of nutrients required for health and well-being

Question 2

What are essential nutrients?

Answer 2

Chemical/substance that is required for metabolism but cannot be synthesized or cannot be synthesized rapidly by the body to meet the needs for the physiological functions of the body

Question 3

What are the two rules to determine if a nutrient is essential?

Answer 3

1. Removing the nutrient causes a deficiency and decline in health
2. Putting the nutrient back into the diet corrects the problem and health will return

Question 4

How do nutritional deficiencies occur?

Answer 4

When a persons nutrient intake consistently falls below the recommended requirement

Question 5

Do the amount of nutrients stay the same as the different stages of life progress?

Answer 5

No, they vary

Question 6

What is the difference between deficiency and nutritional requirements?

Answer 6

Deficiency is the prevention of diseases
Nutritional requirements ensure optimal health

Question 7

What prompted the understanding of nutritional requirements?

Answer 7

WW1 and food rations, but age, gender, body size, physical activity were not considered which was an issue as these are important

Question 8

What is used to establish nutrient requirements?

Answer 8

Nutrient research and statistics

Question 9

What are daily values based on?

Answer 9

2,000 calorie a day diet, this is a simple way for governments to provide consumers with information about the daily requirement for each nutrient

Question 10

How are daily values made?

Answer 10

Using dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

Question 11

How are DRIs established?

Answer 11

National Academy of Sciences

Question 12

What is Dietary Reference Intake?

Answer 12

Umbrella term that refers to a set of reference values for nutrients

Question 13

DRI

Answer 13

Dietary Reference Intake

Question 14

What are the 4 reference values under the umbrella term DRIs?

Answer 14

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Adequate Intake (AI)
Tolerable Upper Limit (UL)

Question 15

What is Estimated Average Requirement?

Answer 15

Nutrient requirement that meets the needs of 50% of the population (on a normal dist. EAR is in the middle)

Question 16

What is Recommended Dietary Allowance?

Answer 16

Nutrient requirement that meets the needs of 97% of the population (3% deficient)

Question 17

Do we aim for EAR or RDA?

Answer 17

RDA!!!!

Question 18

What is the formula of RDA?

Answer 18

RDA = EAR + 2 S.D.

Question 19

What is Tolerable Upper Limit?

Answer 19

The highest level of continuous daily nutrient intake that causes no risk of adverse effects (toxicity of over intake)

Question 20

EAR

Answer 20

Estimated Average Requirement

Question 21

RDA

Answer 21

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Question 22

UL

Answer 22

Tolerable Upper Limit

Question 23

What is Adequate Intake?

Answer 23

When sufficient evidence is not available to establish an EAR and RDA, then an AI is proposed (based on less scientific data), AI is expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals (the gap between RDA and UL)

Question 24

AI

Answer 24

Adequate Intake

Question 25

How is AI determined?

Answer 25

Based on intake in healthy people who are assumed to have Ana equate nutritional status

Question 26

What is prospective vs retrospective human studies

Answer 26

Prospective - Following subjects for period of time (moving forward) Retrospective - Follow backwards (e.g. cancer and figuring out the cause of it by working backwards)

Question 27

What are the three classes of macronutrients?

Answer 27

Carbohydrates/Fibre, Lipids, Proteins (all organic)

Question 28

What are the two classes of Micronutrients?

Answer 28

Vitamins (organic), and minerals (inorganic)

Question 29

What is the stand alone nutrient class?

Answer 29

Water

Question 30

What are the organic and inorganic nutrient classes?

Answer 30

Organic: Carbohydrates/Fibre, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins Inorganic: Minerals, Water

Question 31

What is the average water intake by adult humans per day?

Answer 31

2.7-3.7 L

Question 32

What percentage of the average water intake by an adult human is from food?

Answer 32

20% of water comes from foods

Question 33

Why is water important for the body?

Answer 33

- Solvent in biochemical rxns - Catabolism (hydrolysis) - Maintains vascular volume - Nutrient transport - By-product of metabolic rxns - Temperature regulation

Question 34

What is water toxicity?

Answer 34

When the amount of water taken in is larger that the kidneys ability to process the water (0.9L/h), causes the electrolytes to become diluted

Question 35

What is Hyponatremia?

Answer 35

Low electrolytes (sodium)

Question 36

What is the formula for Hyponatremia?

Answer 36

Water/sodium imbalance

Question 37

How can Hyponatremia occur?

Answer 37

Can occur from excessive fluid intake, under-replacement of sodium or both, typically avoided with urination