Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is governance?
= “the collective effort by sovereign states, international organizations, and other nonstate actors to address common challenges and seize opportunities > transcend national frontiers; it is an ungainly patchwork of formal and informal institutions
-> ! formal and informal arrangements
What are the differences between government and governance?
Equal?
- purposive behavior
- goal-oriented activities
Different?
- governm = formal authority + policy powers to enforce
- governance = shared goals -> not per se legal and formally prescribed responsibilities
Why the growing need for global order?
1) globalization
2) technological changes
3) the Cold Wars end
4) transnationalism
What is globalization?
- Characteristics:
- rapid pace of change,
- compression of time and space
- scale/scope of interconnectedness
- cause?
- Improvements in transportation and communications => speed movement of ideas, goods, news, capital, …
- Deregulation and privatization of businesses, finance, services, …
- Results?
- Proliferation of networks of NGOs, financial markets and illegal actors
- Homogenization of culture w global spread of ideas and popular culture
- Heterogeneity -> reassertion of ethnicity and nationalism in different parts of world
- Global events have local consequences
What are the technological changes
- transportation revolution (-> container ships, jets, … => tourists, exchange goods, …) + communications revolution (-> cell phones, TV, … => exchange like-minded ideas, …)
=> aided formation transnational groups, social movements, …
What is the Cold Wars end?
- what?
- Collapse of Soviet-supported communist governments
o Berlin Wall (1989)
o Disintegration of Soviet Union - Result?
- Bipolar structure (US vs USSR) -> unipolar dominated by US (superpower) and nonpolar networked system of a globalized world
- Wave of democratizations in formerly communist states
- New political space for states and nonstate actors -> pursuing new types of cooperation in ending conflicts, expanding scope and reach of HR norms, reducing barriers to trade and investment
=> new governance challenges + possibilities
What is transnationalism?
- def?
= processes through which individuals and various types of nonstate actors work together across state borders - cause?
- Increased democratization
- Accelerating globalization
- Advances in technology and transport
- result?
- Growing demands for representation of global governance
=> need to reform existing international institutions + new ways to incorporate nonstate actors in global governance
What are the actors in global governance?
- States and subnational/local jurisdictions eg. NL, UK, DE, USA)
- IGOs and bureaucracies
- NGOs (eg. Greenpeace, …)
- Experts and epistemic communities (eg. IPCC)
- Networks and partnerships (eg. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance)
- Multinational corporations (eg. Apple, Google, FB)
- Private foundations
What are states?
- Traditional functions?
- Primary sources of IGOs funding and military capabilities
- Create international law and norms
- Determine effectiveness law/norms through compliance or failure to comply
- Primary locus of people’s identities
- global governance challenges?
- State capability
o Inability of states to perform basic functions Eg. refugees from civil wars/conflicts, terrorist groups, inability weak states protect own citizens, …
o = also ability to comply w intl rules, to track infectious diseases, to limit sex, drug and arms trafficking, …
What are IGOs?
Characteristics:
* At least 3 members
* Activities in several states
* Created through a formal intergovernmental agreement such as a treaty, charter, or statute
* Headquarters, executive heads, bureaucracies, budgets
* Single-purpose (OPEC) or multi-purpose (UN)
* Recognized subjects of international law
Tasks:
* Informational: gathering, analyzing, and disseminating data
* Forum: Providing forums for intergovernmental bargaining; providing a place for the exchange of views and decisionmaking
* Normative: defining standards of behavior
* Rule creation: drafting legally binding treaties
* Rule supervision: monitoring compliance w rules, adjudicating disputes (ICJ), taking enforcement measures
* Operational: allocating resources, providing technical assistance and relief, deploying forces
* Idea generation:! development of key ideas and concepts about security + economic/social development eg. UN: generate ideas, provide debate forum, promote adoption for policy, … + help define states interests
Are IGOs a tool of state power?
- Traditional view? Yes, IGOs = formed by states + states grant IGOs responsibilities/authority to act
- Now? No, IGOs = actors in own right -> secretariat members + power to influence world events
o Why? Secretariat members = persuade states to act, coordinate efforts of different groups, provide diplomatic skills to secure agreements, ensure effectiveness of programs
! secretariats = intnl civil servants = not national govnm servants
Develop own organizational culture -> influences definition issues and types of policy solutions
o Authority? From impersonal/neutral + serve others ipv exercise power
Why do we need IGOs?
- why need IGOs?
- Order and stability
- Reduce transaction costs
- Efficiently solve transboundary problems
- When major transborder upheavals and security/eco crisis => IO = looked towards for guidance
What are the IGO tensions?
- Sovereignty vs multilateralism -> difficulty of states to give up power
- Collective decision-making -> especially when binding OR veto states
- Resources and expertise -> IGOs = always dependent on member states !funding! => need to keep states happy
- Representation -> some states = large resources vs others = little resources => IGOs should forsee equality
- Implementation -> IGOs = mostly lack resources, …
What are NGOs?
- what?
- Private voluntary organizations -> members? Indivs or associations -> common purpose
- Purpose eg. HR, peace, environmental protection, humanitarian aid, …
- “dark side of NGOs”: terrorists, criminals, drug-trafficking groups
- function?
- Sources of info and technical expertise on wide variety of intl issues
- Raise awareness of and helping to frame intl issues
- (Indirectly) involved in UN-sponsored global conferences/intl negotiations
- Contribute treaty language
- Monitor states and corporations implementation of HR norms and environmental regulations
What are experts and epistemic networks?
- function? of experts
- Provide understanding of science behind problems / Lay out state of scientific knowledge
- Participate in intl conferences/negotiations
- Frame issues for debate
- Propose possible solutions
-> produce policy netural options/research - epistemic communities?
= networks of knowledge-based experts
What are networks?
o Actors? Orgz form consciously created by any set of actors that pursue “repeated, enduring exchange relations w one another -> lack a legitimate organization authority to arbitrate and resolve disputes
Characteristics?
* Voluntary nature
* Central role of info and learning
* Ability to generate trust among participants
* Lack of hierarchy
* Success = dependent on ability to promote and sustain collective action, add new members and adapt, issue area
o Structures? Form of network?
TANs -> setting/monitoring HR standards
Illicit networks -> eg. transnational criminal organizations
Transgovernmental networks -> allow government officials to share regulatory approaches, provide technical assistance, harmonize approaches to problems
What are partnerships?
- function? (different possibilities)
- Advocacy
- Developing standards of conduct
- Business development in less developed countries (LDCs)
- Provide funding, goods and services
What are MNC’s?
= form of nonstate actor -> goal? organized to conduct for-profit business transactions and operations across the borders of 3 or > states
- function?
- Can alter structure and functioning of global economy
- Address trade, labor and environmental issues eg ozone depletion & global warming
- pose problems for states/local governments as hard to control
=> UN global compact on corporate responsibility: to regulate corporate behavior + engage MNCs as positive contributors
What are multilateral negotiations?
= negotiations that involve more than 2 people
What is the difference between networks and partnerships?
- Network = informal; large-scale
- partnership: formal; small-scale; …
What is the history of complex diplomacy?
- No multilateralism before 19th century
- 20th century: acceleration from bilateralism to multilateral diplomacy
- 21st century: different from 20th -> complexity -> why?
Numerous participants -> actors, coalitions and NGOs, civil society, nonstate actors, …
How do decisions get made?
- principle of sovereign equality - one state/one-vote
- weighted/qualified voting
- consensus building
What is consensus building?
-> not equal?
o Significant majority -> creates minorities
o We talk until we all agree
o We talk until you all agree w me
-> equals?
o Commitment to challenge oppressive behavior -> work for common good -> no minorities
o Best decision for diverse group
o Outcome? = least common denominator -> least demands on states to act
What are some actor strategies?
- Formation of groups/coalitions of states
=> pool votes, power, and resources -> to achieve a better outcome - Creation of networks
-> goal? To expand reach + link diverse groups w shared concerns/awareness that common goals cannot be achieved on their own - Forum shopping
= actors choose where to take certain issues
