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HRM & leadership > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is governance?

A

= “the collective effort by sovereign states, international organizations, and other nonstate actors to address common challenges and seize opportunities > transcend national frontiers; it is an ungainly patchwork of formal and informal institutions
-> ! formal and informal arrangements

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2
Q

What are the differences between government and governance?

A

Equal?
- purposive behavior
- goal-oriented activities

Different?
- governm = formal authority + policy powers to enforce
- governance = shared goals -> not per se legal and formally prescribed responsibilities

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3
Q

Why the growing need for global order?

A

1) globalization
2) technological changes
3) the Cold Wars end
4) transnationalism

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4
Q

What is globalization?

A
  • Characteristics:
  • rapid pace of change,
  • compression of time and space
  • scale/scope of interconnectedness
  • cause?
  • Improvements in transportation and communications => speed movement of ideas, goods, news, capital, …
  • Deregulation and privatization of businesses, finance, services, …
  • Results?
  • Proliferation of networks of NGOs, financial markets and illegal actors
  • Homogenization of culture w global spread of ideas and popular culture
  • Heterogeneity -> reassertion of ethnicity and nationalism in different parts of world
  • Global events have local consequences
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5
Q

What are the technological changes

A
  • transportation revolution (-> container ships, jets, … => tourists, exchange goods, …) + communications revolution (-> cell phones, TV, … => exchange like-minded ideas, …)
    => aided formation transnational groups, social movements, …
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6
Q

What is the Cold Wars end?

A
  • what?
  • Collapse of Soviet-supported communist governments
    o Berlin Wall (1989)
    o Disintegration of Soviet Union
  • Result?
  • Bipolar structure (US vs USSR) -> unipolar dominated by US (superpower) and nonpolar networked system of a globalized world
  • Wave of democratizations in formerly communist states
  • New political space for states and nonstate actors -> pursuing new types of cooperation in ending conflicts, expanding scope and reach of HR norms, reducing barriers to trade and investment
    => new governance challenges + possibilities
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7
Q

What is transnationalism?

A
  • def?
    = processes through which individuals and various types of nonstate actors work together across state borders
  • cause?
  • Increased democratization
  • Accelerating globalization
  • Advances in technology and transport
  • result?
  • Growing demands for representation of global governance
    => need to reform existing international institutions + new ways to incorporate nonstate actors in global governance
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8
Q

What are the actors in global governance?

A
  • States and subnational/local jurisdictions eg. NL, UK, DE, USA)
  • IGOs and bureaucracies
  • NGOs (eg. Greenpeace, …)
  • Experts and epistemic communities (eg. IPCC)
  • Networks and partnerships (eg. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance)
  • Multinational corporations (eg. Apple, Google, FB)
  • Private foundations
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9
Q

What are states?

A
  • Traditional functions?
  • Primary sources of IGOs funding and military capabilities
  • Create international law and norms
  • Determine effectiveness law/norms through compliance or failure to comply
  • Primary locus of people’s identities
  • global governance challenges?
  • State capability
    o Inability of states to perform basic functions Eg. refugees from civil wars/conflicts, terrorist groups, inability weak states protect own citizens, …
    o = also ability to comply w intl rules, to track infectious diseases, to limit sex, drug and arms trafficking, …
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10
Q

What are IGOs?

A

Characteristics:
* At least 3 members
* Activities in several states
* Created through a formal intergovernmental agreement such as a treaty, charter, or statute
* Headquarters, executive heads, bureaucracies, budgets
* Single-purpose (OPEC) or multi-purpose (UN)
* Recognized subjects of international law

Tasks:
* Informational: gathering, analyzing, and disseminating data
* Forum: Providing forums for intergovernmental bargaining; providing a place for the exchange of views and decisionmaking
* Normative: defining standards of behavior
* Rule creation: drafting legally binding treaties
* Rule supervision: monitoring compliance w rules, adjudicating disputes (ICJ), taking enforcement measures
* Operational: allocating resources, providing technical assistance and relief, deploying forces
* Idea generation:! development of key ideas and concepts about security + economic/social development eg. UN: generate ideas, provide debate forum, promote adoption for policy, … + help define states interests

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11
Q

Are IGOs a tool of state power?

A
  • Traditional view? Yes, IGOs = formed by states + states grant IGOs responsibilities/authority to act
  • Now? No, IGOs = actors in own right -> secretariat members + power to influence world events
    o Why? Secretariat members = persuade states to act, coordinate efforts of different groups, provide diplomatic skills to secure agreements, ensure effectiveness of programs
     ! secretariats = intnl civil servants = not national govnm servants
     Develop own organizational culture -> influences definition issues and types of policy solutions
    o Authority? From impersonal/neutral + serve others ipv exercise power
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12
Q

Why do we need IGOs?

A
  • why need IGOs?
  • Order and stability
  • Reduce transaction costs
  • Efficiently solve transboundary problems
  • When major transborder upheavals and security/eco crisis => IO = looked towards for guidance
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13
Q

What are the IGO tensions?

A
  • Sovereignty vs multilateralism -> difficulty of states to give up power
  • Collective decision-making -> especially when binding OR veto states
  • Resources and expertise -> IGOs = always dependent on member states !funding! => need to keep states happy
  • Representation -> some states = large resources vs others = little resources => IGOs should forsee equality
  • Implementation -> IGOs = mostly lack resources, …
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14
Q

What are NGOs?

A
  • what?
  • Private voluntary organizations -> members? Indivs or associations -> common purpose
  • Purpose eg. HR, peace, environmental protection, humanitarian aid, …
  • “dark side of NGOs”: terrorists, criminals, drug-trafficking groups
  • function?
  • Sources of info and technical expertise on wide variety of intl issues
  • Raise awareness of and helping to frame intl issues
  • (Indirectly) involved in UN-sponsored global conferences/intl negotiations
  • Contribute treaty language
  • Monitor states and corporations implementation of HR norms and environmental regulations
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15
Q

What are experts and epistemic networks?

A
  • function? of experts
  • Provide understanding of science behind problems / Lay out state of scientific knowledge
  • Participate in intl conferences/negotiations
  • Frame issues for debate
  • Propose possible solutions
    -> produce policy netural options/research
  • epistemic communities?
    = networks of knowledge-based experts
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16
Q

What are networks?

A

o Actors? Orgz form consciously created by any set of actors that pursue “repeated, enduring exchange relations w one another -> lack a legitimate organization authority to arbitrate and resolve disputes
 Characteristics?
* Voluntary nature
* Central role of info and learning
* Ability to generate trust among participants
* Lack of hierarchy
* Success = dependent on ability to promote and sustain collective action, add new members and adapt, issue area

o Structures? Form of network?
 TANs -> setting/monitoring HR standards
 Illicit networks -> eg. transnational criminal organizations
 Transgovernmental networks -> allow government officials to share regulatory approaches, provide technical assistance, harmonize approaches to problems

17
Q

What are partnerships?

A
  • function? (different possibilities)
  • Advocacy
  • Developing standards of conduct
  • Business development in less developed countries (LDCs)
  • Provide funding, goods and services
18
Q

What are MNC’s?

A

= form of nonstate actor -> goal? organized to conduct for-profit business transactions and operations across the borders of 3 or > states

  • function?
  • Can alter structure and functioning of global economy
  • Address trade, labor and environmental issues eg ozone depletion & global warming
  • pose problems for states/local governments as hard to control
    => UN global compact on corporate responsibility: to regulate corporate behavior + engage MNCs as positive contributors
19
Q

What are multilateral negotiations?

A

= negotiations that involve more than 2 people

20
Q

What is the difference between networks and partnerships?

A
  • Network = informal; large-scale
  • partnership: formal; small-scale; …
21
Q

What is the history of complex diplomacy?

A
  • No multilateralism before 19th century
  • 20th century: acceleration from bilateralism to multilateral diplomacy
  • 21st century: different from 20th -> complexity -> why?
    Numerous participants -> actors, coalitions and NGOs, civil society, nonstate actors, …
22
Q

How do decisions get made?

A
  1. principle of sovereign equality - one state/one-vote
  2. weighted/qualified voting
  3. consensus building
23
Q

What is consensus building?

A

-> not equal?
o Significant majority -> creates minorities
o We talk until we all agree
o We talk until you all agree w me

-> equals?
o Commitment to challenge oppressive behavior -> work for common good -> no minorities
o Best decision for diverse group
o Outcome? = least common denominator -> least demands on states to act

24
Q

What are some actor strategies?

A
  1. Formation of groups/coalitions of states
    => pool votes, power, and resources -> to achieve a better outcome
  2. Creation of networks
    -> goal? To expand reach + link diverse groups w shared concerns/awareness that common goals cannot be achieved on their own
  3. Forum shopping
    = actors choose where to take certain issues
25
Q

What are the varieties of global governance?

A

1) Intergovernmental organizations
2) nongovernmental organizations
- service vs advocacy
3) rule-based governance: international rules and law
4) intl norms or soft law
5) intl regimes and regime complexes
6) groups, arrangements, and global conferences
7) private governance
8) public-private partnerships

26
Q

Why do states join IGOs?

A
  • IGO = stable negotiating forum :
  • IGO = permit rapid reaction in times of crisis
  • Take advantage of the centralized organization in the implementation of collective tasks
  • Shape intl debate on important issues + forge critical norms of behavior
    => IGO create opportunities
27
Q

how do IGOs exercise influence and impose constraints on member states policies and processes?

A
  • Set international/national agendas
  • Subject states’ behavior to surveillance through info-sharing
  • Encourage development of specialized decision-making and implementation processes -> goal? Facilitate and coordinate IGO participation
  • Embody/facilitate creation principles/norms/rules of behavior w which states must align their policies to receive reciprocity !
28
Q

What are some sources of international law?

A
  • Treaties or conventions
  • Customary practice
  • Writings of legal scholars
  • Judicial decisions
  • General principles
29
Q

What are some limitations to intl law?

A
  1. only applies to states (except war crimes and crimes against humanity) -> only EU treaties: bind invds, MNCs, NGOs, …
  2. absence intl enforcement mechanisms and role of self-interest
30
Q

What is soft law?

A

= shared expectations or understandings regarding standards of appropriate behavior for various actors
-> can be internalized, contested or “emerging”
- often set forward in international legal conventions (= treaties)

Eg. concept of sustainable development, the norm of responsibility to protect (R2P), codes of conduct, world conference declarations, initial framework conventions (mostly w environmental law – UNFCCC (soft law) => Kyoto protocol (hard law))

  • benefits?
  • Easier to negotiate and more flexible -> leaves possibility future hard law
  • Means of linking intl law to private entities through codes of practice or CSR
31
Q

What is an intl regime?

A

= set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge -> in particular issue area

  • involve?
  • Rules and norms
  • Practices of actors
  • IGO decisionmaking procedures
  • Bureaucracy, budget, legal personality, headquarters, …
32
Q

What is private governance?

A

= when non-governmental entities, including private organizations, dispute resolution organizations, or other third-party groups, make rules and/or standards which have a binding effect on the “quality of life and opportunities of the larger public.”

33
Q

Where does the IGO gets its power from?

A

Form (rational-legal bureaucracies -> decisions based on laws) + (liberal) goals + goals which are viewed as “widely desired and legitimate (legitimate authority !!)”

34
Q

What are some forms of IGO power?

A

o Compulsory power: use of material resources eg. debt, relief, food, guns, sanctions OR normative reosurces eg. naming and shaming, spreading global values
o Institutional power: ability to set agenda, structure options for debates, define problems, …
o Productive power: determine existence problem (eg internally displaced persons), define it, propose solutions, persuade other actors to accept solutions

35
Q

What is authority and its 5 bases of authority?

A

= the ability to induce deference in others -> social relationship, not commodity -> created by recognition of others -> collective acceptance or legitimacy of governor’s right to rule!!

-> 5 bases of authority
o Institutional

o Delegated

o Expert

o Principled (or moral)

o Capacity-based

36
Q

What is legitmacy and the sources?

A

= decision to comply w rules, norms and laws -> explains why states comply in absence of any enforcement mechanisms => internal sense of rightness and obligation

-> sources?
o Authority -> for more authority, need more legitimacy
o Performance
o procedure

HRM & leadership (3 decks)

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