Lecture 1

Question 1

Where do the ureters originate and end up?

Answer 1

Originate in the retroperitoneum, extend from renal medulla and into urinary bladder

Question 2

How is urine pushed along the ureters?

Answer 2

Through peristalsis with the smooth muscles of the ureters into the bladder

Question 3

Where do the ureters insert into the urinary bladder?

Answer 3

Trigone of urinary bladder on posterolateral surface

Question 4

What is the microscopic anatomy of the ureters?

Answer 4

Epithelium - transitional epithelium
Muscular layers - inner longitudinal layer, outer circular layer, outer longitudinal layer (mainly present in distal third of the ureter)

Question 5

Where is the urinary bladder located?

Answer 5

Extraperitoneally, behind pubic symphysis, within pelvis and beneath peritoneum

Question 6

How much urine can the bladder hold?

Answer 6

.5-1L

Question 7

When is the sensation of fullness felt in the bladder?

Answer 7

At around 300-500ml of urine

Question 8

Which muscles does the bladder contain?

Answer 8

Smooth muscle that contract during micturition

Detrusor muscle - primary smooth muscle of the bladder - controlled by parasympathetic nervous system

Internal urethral sphincter - circular smooth muscle surrounding the neck of bladder where urethra begins, controlled by sympathetic nervous system

Question 9

What are the different structures of the bladder?

Answer 9

Apex
Body
Fundus
Bladder neck
Trigone of bladder

Question 10

Which epithelium does the bladder consist of?

Answer 10

Transitional epithelium

Question 11

What are the muscular layers of the bladder?

Answer 11

Inner longitudinal layer
Middle circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

Question 12

What are the different parts of the male and female urethra?

Answer 12

Male - prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra (Penge urethra)
Female - only 1 part

Question 13

What is the lymphatic system of the urethra in males and females?

Answer 13

Males - proximal - prostatic and membranous urethra - obturator and internal iliac nodes. Distal - spongy urethra - superficial and deep inguinal nodes

Females - proximal - internal iliac nodes. Distal - superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 14

What is the epithelium of the urethra in males and females?

Answer 14

Males - prostatic - transitional epithelium. Membranous - transitional epithelium into pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Spongy urethra - psudostraified columnar epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium in terminal portion

Females - stratified squamous epithelium, some stratified columnar epithelium can also be present

Question 15

What are the muscular layers of the urethra?

Answer 15

Males - prostatic - inner longitudinal and outer circular layers. Membranous - skeletal muscle fibres from urogenital diaphragm make up external urethral sphincter. Spongy - spare smooth muscle with more elastic fibres

Females - inner longitudinal layer. Outer circular layer. Skeletal muscle fibres from urogenital diaphragm make up external urethral sphincter.