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Biological Psychology Of Mental Health > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Symptomology

A

What are the symptoms and signs of mental health conditions

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2
Q

Aetiology

A

What are the causes of mental health conditions

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3
Q

If the alleles are the same

A

Homozygous

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4
Q

If the alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

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5
Q

If alleles are different they can either be

A

-dominant
-recessive
-co-dominant

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6
Q

Search for candidate genes is

A

Not very effective

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7
Q

Who did studies into alleles and peas

A

Mendel

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8
Q

Watson and crick 1953

A

Discovered double helix

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9
Q

Rosalind Franklin 1952

A

X ray diffraction image of DNA

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10
Q

How many genes are there

A

Around 23000

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11
Q

What are exons

A

Stretches that code for amino acids and are translated into proteins

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12
Q

What are introns

A

Stretches that do not code for amino acids and are not translated into proteins (junk DNA)

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13
Q

A set of three bases (triplet codes) codes for

A

1 of 20 amino acids

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14
Q

How many possible ways are there to code for amino acids

A

64 codons

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15
Q

If mutations happen in germ cells they

A

Will be passed on to the offspring

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16
Q

If mutations happen in somatic cells they

A

May affect the host (de novo mutations)

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17
Q

Most variations are

A

SNPs which are Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

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18
Q

Ik bio bank 2015

A

Findings suggest that a very large number of genes may have effects on a given disease, polygenic diseases

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19
Q

Effects of SNPs tend to be

A

Very small

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20
Q

Unfavourable early conditions can

A

Program the organism for later life disease

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21
Q

Glucose metabolism in 16-18yr olds is

A

20% greater compared to adults

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22
Q

High fat diets during pregnancy can cause

A

-An increase in inflammatory signals
-Alter spine density
-Dendritic branching and myelination

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23
Q

Babies conceived during the Dutch famine (1941) had

A

-Increased rate of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
-2 fold increase in risk of developing schizophrenia later in life

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24
Q

What’s a crucial component of the thyroid hormone

A

Iodine

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25
A lack of iodine during the end of the 1st trimester and early 2nd can
-Lead to severe growth restriction ‘cretinism’ -Although infants may appear fine at birth they may have learning disabilities later
26
Feral growth restriction complicates
3-9% of pregnancies in higher income countries and even more in lower income countries
27
Feral growth restriction is due to
Competition for nutrients or space with twins or multiples
28
Placental insufficiency due to
Disease, poor nutrition, toxins (i.e. nicotine)
29
Feral growth restriction abnormalities include
-Reduced brain volume -Reduced number of brain cells -Delayed myelination -Deficits in neuronal migration which result in abnormal connection patterns
30
Prematurity is associated with
Higher rates of psychopathology
31
White matter is particularly vulnerable in
Pre-term infants
32
Loos of white mater around the lateral ventricle is associated with
Cerebral palsy
33
30% of babies born after
Less than 30 weeks of gestation are likely to develop some kind of disability
34
Lack of oxygen is known as
Perinatal asphyxia
35
What percentage of newborns with perinatal asphyxia do not survive
15-20%
36
Those who survive perinatal asphyxia are at a greater risk of
-Developmental delays -motor functions -episodic memory -risk of schizophrenia
37
Prenatal exposure to stressful events in rodent studies resulted in
Greater stress sensitivity in adulthood
38
Mueller and Bale 2008 glucocorticoids
Excess glucocorticoids can reach the fetus through the placenta
39
Neonatal handling for the first 10 postnatal days can
Induce persistent increase in glucocorticoids
40
Impaired mother-infant interactions can
Impair the neuroendocrine regulation of the infant
41
High LG mothers had offspring with
Decreased levels of DNA methylation and increased transcription for the GR Offspring exhibited lower levels of stress responsivity
42
What amount of women consume alcohol or smoke during pregnancy
10%
43
Sensory areas are present at
Birth
44
Experience dependent is
Not predetermined but are generated in response to the environment
45
Experience expectant is
Development will not happen unless an experience happens during its critical period
46
Epigenetic mechanisms may
Enhance ur inhibit the expression of our DNA
47
In 1970s, sepsis was first linked to
White matter damage
48
There is now strong evidence linking perinatal infection to
Cerebral palsy
49
Perinatal exposure to infectious agents influences later life with
-Disease susceptibility -Increased vulnerability to cognitive disorders
50
Early reports of epidemics associated with
Increased prevalence of schizophrenia and ASD
51
Most common consequence of perinatal infection are
Cognitive in nature
52
Male pups seem to be
More vulnerable to maternal immune activation
53
Maternal Immune Activation is associated with
-Decreased number of precursor cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus -Deficits in pre-pulse inhibition -Decreased exploratory behaviour
54
Glia interact with
Neurons and blood vessels
55
Types of glia
-Microglia, -Astrocytes -Oligodendrocytes
56
Microglia’s role involves
Maintenance of tissue homeostasis and removal of waste
57
Adult brains are comprised of how much Microglia
5-15%
58
Microglia are traditionally thought of existing in either of 2 states
-Ramified state -Activated state
59
Sexual differentiation is moderated by
Microglia
60
Microglia are active modulators of
Sexual dimorphism behaviours
61
Microglia seem to respond
Perinatally
62
Microglia are primed to respond in an
Exaggerated way later in life
63
There is diversity in Microglia depending on
The brain area and age of the organism
64
What mental health conditions are more prevalent in men
-ASD -ADHD
65
What mental health conditions are more prevalent in women
-Depression -Anxiety
66
The female placenta is more responsive to
Stress signals resulting in more viability

Biological Psychology Of Mental Health (3 decks)

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