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Biological Psychology Of Mental Health > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Symptomology

A

What are the symptoms and signs of mental health conditions

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2
Q

Aetiology

A

What are the causes of mental health conditions

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3
Q

If the alleles are the same

A

Homozygous

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4
Q

If the alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

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5
Q

If alleles are different they can either be

A

-dominant
-recessive
-co-dominant

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6
Q

Search for candidate genes is

A

Not very effective

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7
Q

Who did studies into alleles and peas

A

Mendel

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8
Q

Watson and crick 1953

A

Discovered double helix

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9
Q

Rosalind Franklin 1952

A

X ray diffraction image of DNA

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10
Q

How many genes are there

A

Around 23000

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11
Q

What are exons

A

Stretches that code for amino acids and are translated into proteins

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12
Q

What are introns

A

Stretches that do not code for amino acids and are not translated into proteins (junk DNA)

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13
Q

A set of three bases (triplet codes) codes for

A

1 of 20 amino acids

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14
Q

How many possible ways are there to code for amino acids

A

64 codons

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15
Q

If mutations happen in germ cells they

A

Will be passed on to the offspring

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16
Q

If mutations happen in somatic cells they

A

May affect the host (de novo mutations)

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17
Q

Most variations are

A

SNPs which are Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

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18
Q

Ik bio bank 2015

A

Findings suggest that a very large number of genes may have effects on a given disease, polygenic diseases

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19
Q

Effects of SNPs tend to be

A

Very small

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20
Q

Unfavourable early conditions can

A

Program the organism for later life disease

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21
Q

Glucose metabolism in 16-18yr olds is

A

20% greater compared to adults

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22
Q

High fat diets during pregnancy can cause

A

-An increase in inflammatory signals
-Alter spine density
-Dendritic branching and myelination

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23
Q

Babies conceived during the Dutch famine (1941) had

A

-Increased rate of neural tube defects such as spina bifida
-2 fold increase in risk of developing schizophrenia later in life

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24
Q

What’s a crucial component of the thyroid hormone

A

Iodine

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25
Q

A lack of iodine during the end of the 1st trimester and early 2nd can

A

-Lead to severe growth restriction ‘cretinism’
-Although infants may appear fine at birth they may have learning disabilities later

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26
Q

Feral growth restriction complicates

A

3-9% of pregnancies in higher income countries and even more in lower income countries

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27
Q

Feral growth restriction is due to

A

Competition for nutrients or space with twins or multiples

28
Q

Placental insufficiency due to

A

Disease, poor nutrition, toxins (i.e. nicotine)

29
Q

Feral growth restriction abnormalities include

A

-Reduced brain volume
-Reduced number of brain cells
-Delayed myelination
-Deficits in neuronal migration which result in abnormal connection patterns

30
Q

Prematurity is associated with

A

Higher rates of psychopathology

31
Q

White matter is particularly vulnerable in

A

Pre-term infants

32
Q

Loos of white mater around the lateral ventricle is associated with

A

Cerebral palsy

33
Q

30% of babies born after

A

Less than 30 weeks of gestation are likely to develop some kind of disability

34
Q

Lack of oxygen is known as

A

Perinatal asphyxia

35
Q

What percentage of newborns with perinatal asphyxia do not survive

A

15-20%

36
Q

Those who survive perinatal asphyxia are at a greater risk of

A

-Developmental delays
-motor functions
-episodic memory
-risk of schizophrenia

37
Q

Prenatal exposure to stressful events in rodent studies resulted in

A

Greater stress sensitivity in adulthood

38
Q

Mueller and Bale 2008 glucocorticoids

A

Excess glucocorticoids can reach the fetus through the placenta

39
Q

Neonatal handling for the first 10 postnatal days can

A

Induce persistent increase in glucocorticoids

40
Q

Impaired mother-infant interactions can

A

Impair the neuroendocrine regulation of the infant

41
Q

High LG mothers had offspring with

A

Decreased levels of DNA methylation and increased transcription for the GR
Offspring exhibited lower levels of stress responsivity

42
Q

What amount of women consume alcohol or smoke during pregnancy

A

10%

43
Q

Sensory areas are present at

A

Birth

44
Q

Experience dependent is

A

Not predetermined but are generated in response to the environment

45
Q

Experience expectant is

A

Development will not happen unless an experience happens during its critical period

46
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms may

A

Enhance ur inhibit the expression of our DNA

47
Q

In 1970s, sepsis was first linked to

A

White matter damage

48
Q

There is now strong evidence linking perinatal infection to

A

Cerebral palsy

49
Q

Perinatal exposure to infectious agents influences later life with

A

-Disease susceptibility
-Increased vulnerability to cognitive disorders

50
Q

Early reports of epidemics associated with

A

Increased prevalence of schizophrenia and ASD

51
Q

Most common consequence of perinatal infection are

A

Cognitive in nature

52
Q

Male pups seem to be

A

More vulnerable to maternal immune activation

53
Q

Maternal Immune Activation is associated with

A

-Decreased number of precursor cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
-Deficits in pre-pulse inhibition
-Decreased exploratory behaviour

54
Q

Glia interact with

A

Neurons and blood vessels

55
Q

Types of glia

A

-Microglia,
-Astrocytes
-Oligodendrocytes

56
Q

Microglia’s role involves

A

Maintenance of tissue homeostasis and removal of waste

57
Q

Adult brains are comprised of how much Microglia

A

5-15%

58
Q

Microglia are traditionally thought of existing in either of 2 states

A

-Ramified state
-Activated state

59
Q

Sexual differentiation is moderated by

A

Microglia

60
Q

Microglia are active modulators of

A

Sexual dimorphism behaviours

61
Q

Microglia seem to respond

A

Perinatally

62
Q

Microglia are primed to respond in an

A

Exaggerated way later in life

63
Q

There is diversity in Microglia depending on

A

The brain area and age of the organism

64
Q

What mental health conditions are more prevalent in men

A

-ASD
-ADHD

65
Q

What mental health conditions are more prevalent in women

A

-Depression
-Anxiety

66
Q

The female placenta is more responsive to

A

Stress signals resulting in more viability

Biological Psychology Of Mental Health (3 decks)

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