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Bakken Comp Anat > Lecture 09 > Flashcards

Lecture 09 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions in the vertebrate skeletal system?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the Axial Skeleton?

A

Chondrocranium
Visceralcranium
Vertebral Column

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3
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Limb girdles (pectoral and pubic)
Limbs (forlimbs and hindlimbs including fins)
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4
Q

What is the chondrocranium?

A

Braincase and capsules for organs of special sense

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5
Q

What is the Viscerocranium?

A

Gill arches and jaws

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6
Q

The Shark Vertebra has many parts. What is the Intercalary plate?

A

Fill in the gaps between adjacent neural arches and protect the spinal chord

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7
Q

What is described as amphicelous?

A

The cranial surface of the shark centrum is concave. In sharks, both ends of each centra are concave. This is referred to as amphicelous

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8
Q

Shark vertebra also have a hollow canal running through

A

… the center of the centrum.

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9
Q

Consider the Fish vertebral column. Describe the centrum:

A

♣ The centrum is typically a cylindrical structure that is connected to similar cylindrical centra both cranially and caudally.
♣ This chain of centra replaces the notochord of the protochordates, such as amphioxus, as the principal axial support structure.
♣ This chain of centra is flexible, but may not be as flexible as a notochord.
♣ A flexible chain of centra would be useful for swimming, but would not be as useful for supporting a terrestrial life-style.
♣ In many vertebrates (including humans) parts of the notochord may persist within and/or between adjacent vertebrae.

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10
Q

Consider the Fish Vertebra. What is the neural arch?

A

♣ Sits on top of the centrum (dorsal surface) and provides a protective passageway for the spinal cord.

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11
Q

The neural spin (in fish) projects from the dorsum of the neural arch. What is the significance of this?

A
  • Provides lever arm for muscle attachment.

* In Latimeria the neural spines are hollow and filled with cartilage – “coelacanth” means hollow spine.

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12
Q

Coelacanth means…

A

hollow spine

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13
Q

Where could you find the hemal arch on a fish?

A

ventral surface of each centrum of each of the caudal vertebrae.

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14
Q

What passes thorugh the hemal arch?

A

caudal artery and vein

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15
Q

Precaudal Vertebrae on a fish:

A

o Precaudal vertebrae:

♣ Include all the more cranial vertebrae that lack a hemal arch

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16
Q

Caudal vertebrae on a fish:

A

♣ Include all the vertebrae caudal to the precaudal vertebrae
♣ Possess hemal arches

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17
Q

Describe the centra of the fish vertebrae:

A

They tend to be more ossified

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18
Q

What tops the neural arch?

A

slender neural spine

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19
Q

Sturgeon still have remaining prominent notochord instead of

A

the ossified centra

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20
Q

Are the pelvic and pectoral girdles tied into the fish vertebral column?

A

no

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21
Q

Early tetrapod centrum developed from two parts:

A

Intercentrum

Pleurocentrum

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22
Q

What contributed to the formation of the centrum in early tetrapods?

A

Intercentrum

Pleurocentrum

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23
Q

In tetrapods, what becomes the main axial support (replaced the notochord?)

A

The vertebral column

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24
Q

Precaudal vertebrae are specialized for…

A

terrestriality

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25
Cervical vertebrae...
articulate with skull
26
Trunk Vertebrae:
have processes for rib attachment
27
Sacral Vertebrae
Articulate with pelvic girdle
28
What ties the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column?
ilia
29
For crossopterygians, each centrum consisted of:
• Single, larger intercentrum: o “U”-shaped and cranial • Paired, smaller pleurocentra: o Caudal and dorsal to intercentrum
30
For stereospondylous labridonts, the centrum is
entirely derived from the intercentrum
31
For embolomerous larbridonts:
the intercentrum and pleurocentrum are EQUAL IN SIZE
32
What is the myosepta?
• The vertebrate body plan is tied together by sheets of connective tissue referred to as myosepta.
33
What do the myosepta tie into?
the vertebral column
34
Describe the myosepta, what do they do?
They form compartments in which are enclosed the masses of skeletal muscle
35
List the components of a typical amniote vertebra:
``` Similar to the necturus vertebrae. They consists of: Centrum Neural and hemal arches (with spines) Transverse processes Zygapophyses ```
36
Describe a procoelous centrum:
only cranial end is concave (most reptiles)
37
describe a opisthocoelous centrum:
only caudal end is concave
38
describe an acoelous centrum
both ends are flat
39
most mammals have what type of centrum?
acoelous
40
In the tails of reptiles and some mammals small pieces of bone may be found between the ventral edges of centra. These features are called:
interentra or hypocentra
41
What forms the chevron bones?
The small pieces of bones in-between the ventral edges of the centra (in the tails of reptiles)
42
For primitive reptiles, the bulk of the centrum is formed from what?
pleurocentrum
43
In modern reptiles and mammals the intercentrum has...
disappeared and centrum is formed entirely from pleurocentrum
44
The sphenodon has what that still persists?
intercentrum
45
What are diapophyses for?
rib attachment
46
What are the parts of the neural arch?
Dorsal plates: Laminae Lateral plates: Pediceles Posterior edge: Pedicele
47
What feature allows for the passage of spinal nerves?
Holes formed between the posterior edge of each pedicele ( it is notched)
48
What does the myotome form?
axial muscles
49
What does the sclerotome form?
parts of vertebrae
50
Reptiles vs. Birds: Describe the Cervical vertebrae:
Reptiles: Cervical vertibrae: have Atlas and Axis. And 8 bones in most reptiles, 9 in alligator Birds, have transverse foramina, heterocoelous and 8-25 bones
51
The atlas-axis complex first appears in....
reptiles
52
For the reptiles, the trunk usually contains
the ribs
53
How many sacral vertebrae in a reptile?
2+
54
Describe the caudal vertebrae of a reptile:
variable with hemal arches
55
What are the two parts that are extensively fused in groups of vertebrae, but not birds?
anterior throacic and synsacrum
56
Where is a bird's wing brace?
anterior thoracic
57
What composes the synsacrum of a bird?
posterior thoracic, lumbar, 2+ sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae
58
What is pygostyle?
fused caudal vertebrae in birds
59
All mammals have how many cervical vertebrae?
seven. The sloth has 6-9 and sirens have 6
60
Describe and compare types of ribs in Tetrapods
Tetrapods: o Arise in skeletogenous septa o Dorsal ribs: ♣ Formed at intersections between myosepta and horizontal septum.
61
Describe the ribs in amphibians
reduced
62
Describe the ribs in Reptiles:
Double-headed (bicipital): ♣ Capitulum to centrum ♣ Tubercle to transverse process 8 pairs in turtle fused to carapace
63
Describe the ribs in Birds (Bucket of backs)
Uncinate processes of one rib overlap the next caudal rib to stabilize rib cage for flight
64
Describe mammals cervical ribs:
♣ Short and fused to vertebrae. | ♣ Transverse foramina for vertebral arteries.
65
Describe mammals thoracic ribs:
♣ Double-headed ♣ True ribs articulate with sternum via costal cartilages. ♣ Floating ribs do not articulate with sternum.
66
Joint
an area where two bones meet
67
articulation:
where a movable joint is formed
68
Amphiarthrosis:
Synchondrosis type: slightly moveable Cartilage Example: epiphyseal plate Symphysis type: Fibrocartilage Ex: Pubic symphysis
69
Synarthrosis:
slightly moveable joint, fibrous connective tissue Ex: Joints between bones of skull cap
70
Gomphosis:
tooth tocket
71
Syndesmosis example:
Interosseous membrane
72
Diarthrosis
moveable | Cartilage:
73
What makes up a diarthrotic joint?
``` articular cartilage Fibrous capsule (INNERVATED) ``` ``` Synovial membrane (VASCULARIZED) Synovial cavity ```
74
The fibrous capsule is.....
innervated
75
the Synovial membrane is
vascularized
76
Which part of the diarthrotic joint is vascularized?
the synovial membrane
77
What part of diarthrotic joint is innervated?
fibrous capbsule
78
Uniaxial:
movement in one plane, around one axis. Ex: Hinge joints and pivot joints
79
Triaxial:
movement in three planes around three exes: Glenohumeral and acetabulofemoral
80
Biaxial:
movement in two planes around two axes
81
Give an example of a biaxial joint:
ellipsoid join (metacarpalphalangeal)
82
Example of a nonaxial (sliding joint)
no axis of rotation: joints between the carpals and tarsals

Bakken Comp Anat (6 decks)

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