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Medical Pathology - Robin's Basic Pathology > Lecture 02 - Degeneration Prototypes, Cell Death > Flashcards

Lecture 02 - Degeneration Prototypes, Cell Death Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Degeneration Prototypes

A
  1. Hydropic
  2. Fatty
  3. Neceosis
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2
Q
  1. Hydropic Degenration
A

Membrane damage –> decreased ATP –> decreased Na pump activity –> swelling
Cloudy
- drug effects on liver in hepatitis

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3
Q
  1. Fatty Degeneration
A 
Mitochondrial damage
Any problem in FFA transportation
- high FFA
- low Protein
- enzymes deactivated by alcohol
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4
Q

Pathology Mechanisms

A
  1. Decreased ATP
  2. Mitochondrial damage
  3. Increased intracellular Ca
  4. Free radical generation
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5
Q
  1. Decreased ATP
A

decreased Na pump activity –> edema, decreased protein synthesis, fat accumulation

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6
Q
  1. Mitochondrial Damage
A

cytochrome C released –> apoptosis

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7
Q
  1. Increased intracellular Ca
A

activation of ATPase, Endonuclease, phospholipase, protease

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8
Q
  1. Free Radical Generation
A

Membrane Damage

vit A, E, C, carotene, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, … Protect against ROSs

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9
Q
  1. Necrosis
A

Damage to nucleus

  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fibrinoid
  5. Fat
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10
Q
  1. Coagulative Necrosis
A

Most infarctions of ischemia

Ghost like microscopic tissue image

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11
Q
  1. Liquefactive Necrosis
A

Complete degeneration of cell –> no ghost like microscopic tissue
-pyogenic bacteria: g+ cocci, g- cocci and bacilli

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12
Q
  1. Caseous Necrosis
A

macroscopic caseous look
microscopic liquefactive and coagulative look
- TB
- Anthracosis

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13
Q
  1. Fibrinoid Necrosis
A

coagulative look by Ag-Ab complex

mostly in vessels and CT

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14
Q
  1. Fat Necrosis
A
  • Enzymatic fat necrosis

- Traumatic fat necrosis

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15
Q

Cell Death

A
  1. Necrosis: as a result of degeneration

2. Apoptosis

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16
Q
  1. Necrosis - Characteristics
A 
bigger
pyknosis --> karuorrhexis --> karyolysis
damaged cell membrane
damaged organelles
inflammation
pathological
17
Q
  1. Apoptosis - Characteristics
A 
smaller and condensed
cut down to big fragments
preserved cell membrane
mostly preserved organelles
no inflammation
mostly physiological
18
Q
  1. Apoptosis - Mechanism
A
  1. intracellular mechanism –> mostly by mitochondrion –> BCL family (BAK, BAX)
  2. extracellular mechanism
    initiator caspase 8,9 –> executioner caspase 5, 6 –> protease - DNase

Medical Pathology - Robin's Basic Pathology (9 decks)

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