Lecture 01 - Pathogenesis at Cell Level, Degeneration

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

in response to acute stress to normal cell

1. Hypertrophy
2. Atrophy
3. Metaplasia

Question 2

1. Hypertrophy

Answer 2

A response to stress and work
Physiologic:
1. Training
2. Pregnancy
Pathologic

Question 3

2. Atrophy

Answer 3

Decrease in size
-Menopause 
-Senile atrophy
-Neurogenic atrophy --> poliomyelitis
-Hormone induced atrophy --> hemorrhage --> hypophysis infarction --> sheehan syndrome
Ischemic atrophy

Question 4

3. Metaplasia

Answer 4

No damage to cytoplasm and nucleus. Only change in type of tissue

• Squamous metaplasia
• Intestinal metaplasia

Question 5

Cellular Degeneration

Answer 5

Change in cytoplasm but not nucleus

1. Mitochondrial
2. Increased Ca ions
3. Free radicals

Question 6

1. Mitochondrial

Answer 6

Ischemia –> decreased oxidative phosphorylation –> decreased ATP:

1. Decreased Na pump –> intracellular edema + loss of microvilli blebs
2. Detachment of ribosomes –> decreased protein synthesis
3. Increased anaerobic glycolysis –> 1. Increased lactic acid 2. Decreased glycogen 3. Decreased pH: chromatin clumping

Question 7

2. Increased Ca ions

Answer 7

Cell membrane damage –> increased intracellular Ca:

1. Activation of ATPase –> decreased ATP
2. Activation of DNase –> nucleus damage
3. Activation of Phospholipase –> membrane damage
4. Activation of protease –> cytoskeleton and membrane damage

Question 8

3. Free radicals

Answer 8

1. Fat, protein and membrane damage
2. Mutation

SOD