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Parasitology > Lecture 02 - African Trypanosomes > Flashcards

Lecture 02 - African Trypanosomes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of trypanosomes

A

anteriorly located kinetoplast, centrally located nucleus, dividing body, undulating membrane and a flagellum running along the undulating membrane

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2
Q

What are the two subspecies trypanosomes

A

T. brucei rhodesiense, and T. brucei gambiense

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3
Q

What does trypanosomes cause

A

african sleeping sickness

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4
Q

What trypanosome infects animals only

A

T. brucei brucei

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5
Q

What are trypanosomes

A

a protozoan hemoflagellates

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6
Q

How do trypanosomes multiply

A

trypomastigotes that circulate in the mammalian blood steam and other extracellular spaces

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7
Q

What is the vector of trypanosomes

A

african tsetse fly

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8
Q

Where does trypanosomiasis sickness occur

A

only in sub-saharan africa

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9
Q

What species makes up most of the cases of trypanosomiasis sickness

A

T. brucei gambiense

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10
Q

How many counties is sleeping sickness endemic in

A

36

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11
Q

What are rare forms of transmission of Trypanosomes

A

transfusion, mother to child, mechanical transmission, laboratory accidents, transmission of the parasite through sexual contact

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12
Q

What makes the tsetse fly distinguishable

A

one wing rests on top of the other, long proboscis which extends forward and attached by a bulb to the bottom of the head

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13
Q

What kind of parasite are trypanosomes

A

obligate parasites

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14
Q

How long is the incubation period for T, brucei rhodesiense

A

3-21 days

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15
Q

What is stage one of pathogenesis of trypanosomes

A

the hemolymphatic stage

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16
Q

What is stage two of pathogenesis of trypanosomes

A

the CNS stage

17
Q

How do trypanosomes evade the immune response

A

change the surface coat of the outer membrane of the trypomastigote

18
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of T. brucei gambiense

A

cutaneous nodule or chancre, systemic chronic illness characterized by intermittent fever, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy

19
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of T. brucei rhodesiense

A

generalized illness days to weeks after inoculation with manifestation including high fever, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, myocarditis, cutaneous chancre, anemia

20
Q

What are key characteristics of T. brucei rhodesiense

A

acute early CNS disease, progress rapidly, large sore at site of bite, severe symptoms, death within months

21
Q

What are key characteristics of T. brucei gambiense

A

chronic late CNS disease, progress slowly, mild symptoms at first, death within years if not treated

22
Q

What are some of the ways to diagnose T. brucei rhodensiense

A

blood, lymph node aspirate, chancre biopsy or aspirate, CSF

23
Q

What are some of the ways to diagnose T. brucei gambiense

A

lymph node aspirate, blood, chancre aspirate, CSF, serology, agglutination, ELISA, IFA

24
Q

What is the promastigote level of maturation

A

elongated body form, kinetoplast and kinetosome are at the anterior end in front of the nucleus

25
Q

What is the trypomastigote level of maturation

A

blood stream form, had undulating membrane, kinetoplast and kinetosome at the posterior end behind the nucleus

26
Q

What is the amastigotes level of maturation

A

short, flagella not visible

27
Q

What is the epimastigotes level of maturation

A

nucleus and kinetoplast are close together

28
Q

What are the morphological features of T. brucei

A

flagellum that begins as an undulating membrane originating posterior to the kinetoplast

29
Q

What are the treatment options for T. brucei gambiense

A

Stage 1 - pentamidine and suramin
Stage 2 - eflornithine and melarprosol or Eflornithine+nifurtimox

30
Q

What are the treatment options for T. brucei rhodesiense

A

Stage I - suramin
Stage II - Melarsoprol

31
Q

Best way to prevent trypanosome infection

A

eradication of the vector

32
Q

What is a new oral treatment for T. brucei gambiense

A

fexinidazole

Parasitology (9 decks)

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