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Parasitology > Lecture 01 - Malaria and Babesia > Flashcards

Lecture 01 - Malaria and Babesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific name of malaria

A

plasmodium

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2
Q

Why are pregnant woman at increased risk for malaria

A

severe maternal anemia, death, miscarriage

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3
Q

How does malaria cause miscarriage

A

placenta gets plugged up with organisms and RBCs so baby cannot get nutrients and dies

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4
Q

What is the most severe form of malaria

A

falciparum

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5
Q

What is the least harmful form of malaria

A

malariae

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6
Q

What is Plasmodium knowlesi

A

a type of malaria from long tailed Maques that is now being seen in humans

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7
Q

What is the vector for malaria

A

Anopheles gambesi

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria

A

headache, nausea, chills, diarrhea, fever, anemia and splenomegaly

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9
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosis of malaria

A

microscopic analysis

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10
Q

How do rapid diagnostic tests for malaria work

A

detects an antigen

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11
Q

What antigens are seen with falciparum

A

HRP2, pLDH-Pf, pLDH-pan, aldolase

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12
Q

What antigens are seen with vivax

A

pLDH-pan, pLDH-Pvom, pLDH-Pv, aldolase

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13
Q

What antigens are seen with malariae

A

pLDH-pan, pLDH-Pvom, aldolase

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14
Q

What antigens are seen with ovale

A

pLDH-pan, pLDH-Pvom, aldolase

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15
Q

Why is treatment different for ovale and vivax

A

they are hypnozites

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16
Q

What does hypnozite mean

A

they remain latent in the liver

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17
Q

Why is falciparum the most deadly

A

it can infect all ages of red blood cells and can cause cerebral malaria, blackwater fever and severe anemia

18
Q

What is cerebral anemia

A

cerebral anoxia associated with increased glucose catabolism and lactate production by infected sticky RBC clumps

19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of cerebral anemia

A

altered states of consciousness, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, motor abnormalities and coma

20
Q

What is blackwater fever

A

hemoglobinuria secondary to massive hemolysis

21
Q

What are exosomes

A

formed by the endocytosis of segments of the plasma membrane they infect RBCs and act as intracellular communication mediators

22
Q

What allows falciparum to sequester in deep vasculature

A

the formation of rosettes

23
Q

What is pfEMP1

A

it is expressed on the surface of mature RBCs infected with falciparum and undergoes antigenic variation to allow it to bind to several different cell receptors

24
Q

What does pfEMP1 bind to

A

CR1, CD36, ICAM-1, CSA and blood group antigen A

25
Q

How is anemia caused by malaria

A

lysis of RBC, splenic removal of infected cells and the release of TNF-a decreasing erythropoeitin

26
Q

What is the best way to prevent malaria

A

a bed net to prevent getting bitten in the first place

27
Q

What were the first malaria treatments

A

quinine and chloroquine

28
Q

What is the current malaria treatment

A

a combination therapy called artemisinin based combination therapy

29
Q

Why is a vaccine not very effective

A

it needs to target every part of the lifecycle

30
Q

What vaccine is somewhat effective in babies

A

anti-sporozoite vaccine RTS.S/A01

31
Q

When is the malaria vaccine given to children

A

between 6-12 weeks and again between 5-7 months

32
Q

How effective is the malaria vaccine

A

shows a 63% reduction in severe deadly disease but wane to 11% at 1 year and 3% at 5 years

33
Q

What animal did babesia originally effect

A

cows

34
Q

What does babesia cause

A

nantucket fever

35
Q

What is the vector of babesia

A

Ixodes scapularis

36
Q

Who is most susceptible to babesia

A

> 50 years old, diabetics, immunocompromised

37
Q

What are the symptoms of babesia

A

fever, headache, myalgia, anorexia, abdominal pain

38
Q

When do symptoms of babesia occur

A

1-4 weeks after a tick bite

39
Q

How is babesia diagnosed

A

giemsa stain, PCR, serology

40
Q

How does babesia cause disease

A

sporozoites injected by the tick attach to the RBC (AMA1 on sporozoites attach to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins on RBC, they then develop into trophozoites and then undergo fission to become 2-4 merozoites which when released cause hemolysis

41
Q

What is the treatment for babesia

A

antimalarial and an antibiotic like clindamycin or azithromycin

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