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Bio 150 Part 1 > Lecture 02 > Flashcards

Lecture 02 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the foundation of the existence of multicellular organisms?

A

Cell division

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2
Q

Differentiate mitosis and meiosis (in general).

A

Mitosis - produces two diploid daughter cells
Meiosis - produces 4 haploid daughter cells

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3
Q

What are the 5 main phases involved in cell cycle?

A

Gap 1 (G1),
Cellular Senescence/Quiescence (G0),
Synthesis (S),
Gap 2 (G2),
Mitosis (M)

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4
Q

Enumerate and describe the 5 stages/phases of Mitosis,

A

Prophase - condensation of genetic material
Prometaphase - nuclear membrane dissolves
Metaphase - lining up of the chromosomes
Anaphase - separation of sister chromatids
Telophase - opposite of prometaphase and prophase

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5
Q

Phase where cells no longer divide, but are still active

A

G0 phase

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6
Q

________ occurs after telophase and before G1.

A

Cytokinesis/Cytoplasmic division

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7
Q

Sister chromatids are connected by which protein?

A

Cohesin

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8
Q

The presence of cohesin first occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

S phase

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9
Q

Phase in the cell cycle which rechecks if cell has enough resources.

A

G1 phase

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10
Q

T or F. During the start/restriction point, the removal of signals for DNA replication will cancel its transition to S phase.

A

False. S/R point is where “there is no turning back” to DNA replication.

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11
Q

Example of multinucleated cells?

A

Skeletal muscles

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12
Q

Multinucleated cells lack ________ in its cell cycle.

A

Cytokinesis

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13
Q

Phase that checks for unreplicated or damaged DNA.

A

G2

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14
Q

In ________, cells do not undergo the M phase.

A

Endocycle

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15
Q

Endocycle results to _________ which is common in ________ but rare in _________.

A

polyploidy; plants; animals

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16
Q

In the vertebrate embryo cells, the no gap phases is observed in the ________ stage.

A

blastula

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17
Q

An artificial thymidine analog used to identify S-phase cells.

A

5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU)

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18
Q

Newly synthesized DNA in S-phase cells treated with EdU appear ______ while the nuclei in general appear ________.

a. blue; yellow
b. yellow; blue
c. red; yellow
d. red; blue

A

d.

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19
Q

Summarize the central dogma BRIEFLY.

A

Good job :D

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20
Q

______ are switches that control the transition between cell cycle stages.

A

check points/checkpoints

21
Q

What are the three major regulatory transitions?

A
  1. Start/Restriction Point
  2. G2/M Transition
  3. Metaphase-to-Anaphase Transition
22
Q

In this checkpoint, the cell checks for chromosomal aberrations.

A

Metaphase-to-Anaphase Transition

23
Q

Summarize what PP2A activates and inactivates, etc.

A

PP2A:

  1. inhibits Greatwall kinase by dephosphorylation
  2. activates Wee1 by dephosphorylation
  3. inactivates Cdc25 by dephosphorylation

(Notice that PP2A always dephosphorylates IN THE CONTEXT OF OUR LECTURE)

24
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic (A/S):
Wee1 to Cdk-cyclin complex

A

A

25
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
Wee1 and Cdc25

A

A

26
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
Cdc25 to Cdk-cyclin complex

A

S

27
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
M-Cdk and PP2A

A

A

28
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
Ensa and PP2A

A

A

29
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
Greatwall kinase to M-Cdk

A

S

30
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
Greatwall kinase and Ensa

A

S

31
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
Ensa and M-Cdk

A

S

32
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
p27 and Cdk-cyclin complex

A

A

33
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
PP2A and Wee1

A

S

34
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
PP2A and Cdc25

A

A

35
Q

Antagonistic or Synergistic:
PP2A and Greatwall kinase

A

A

36
Q

T or F. Active M-Cdk directly inactivates PP2A, creating a positive feedback during M phase.

A

False. It indirectly inactivates PP2A.

37
Q

How does M-Cdk indirectly inactivate PP2A?

A

M-Cdk activates Greatwall kinase (Gk) by phosphorylation. Gk activates Ensa by phosphorylation. Ensa binds to PP2A-B55, inactivating it.

38
Q
  1. Wee 1 inhibits M-Cdk
  2. PP2A inhibits Wee 1
  3. M-Cdk stimulates Cdc25
  4. M-Cdk inhibits Wee 1
    > Which of the statements above are true?
    a. 1, 2, and 4
    b. 2 and 4
    c. 2, 3, and 4
    d. 1 and 3
    e. 1, 3, and 4
A

e. 1, 3, and 4

39
Q
  1. Wee 1 inactivates M-Cdk by dephosphorylation
  2. PP2A inactivates M-Cdk by phosphorylation
  3. Cdc25 activates M-Cdk by dephosphorylation
  4. Cdc25 and PP2A dephosphorylates M-Cdk
    > Which of the statements above are true?
    a. 1 and 4
    b. 3 and 4
    c. 2, 3, and 4
    d. 1, 2, and 3
    e. 1, 3, and 4
A

b. 3 and 4

Try to recall why :D

40
Q

Protein complex that triggers Metaphase-to-Anaphase transition

A

Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)

41
Q

T or F. Cdc25 activates APC/C

A

F. Cdc20 activates APC/C

42
Q

Protein responsible for phosphorylating an inactive M-Cdk complex on its activating site

A

Cdk-activating kinase (CAK)

43
Q

T or F.
1. APC/C leads into the degradation of M-Cdk.
2. M-Cdk helps in activating APC/C.

A
  1. T
  2. T
    (negative feedback of M-Cdk)
44
Q

In which checkpoint does M-Cdk lead to the destruction of cyclins?

A

M-to-A transition

45
Q

Which occurs later in the M phase?
APC/C-Cdh1 or APC/C-Cdc20

A

APC/C-Cdh1

46
Q

APC/C : M-Cdk :: _____ : CKI

A

SCF.

APC/C helps in ubiquitylation of M-Cdk. SCF helps in ubiquitylation of CKI

47
Q

What are the protein subunits of cohesin that form the main ring where the sister chromatids are encircled in?

A

Smc1 and Smc3

48
Q

Function of separase?

A

Cleaves and dissociates cohesins; for anaphase

49
Q

How is separase activated?

A

By degradation of securin (inhibitory protein) initiated by the APC/C

Bio 150 Part 1 (5 decks)

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