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test 1 Anatomy And Physiology > Lect Chapter 2b Week 3 > Flashcards

Lect Chapter 2b Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is bio chemistry?

A

Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

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2
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

Compounds that do not contain carbon examples are water, salts, acids and bases.

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3
Q

What’s an example of a dipolar molecule?

A

Water H2O

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4
Q

Is H2O and CO2 organic or inorganic

A

Inorganic

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5
Q

What are five properties of water?

A 
High heat capacity 
high heat of vaporization 
polar solvent properties 
reactively 
cushioning.
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6
Q

Explain water’s heat capacity

A

It can absorb and release heat with little temperature change
prevents sudden changes in temperature

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7
Q

Explain water’s high heat of vaporization

A

Evaporation requires large amount of heat

Good for cooling mechanism

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8
Q

Explain water’s polar solvent properties

A

It dissolves and dissociates ionic substances
Formance hydration layers around large charged molecules example proteins
It’s the body’s major transport medium

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9
Q

Explain water’s reactivity

A

Necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

Explain waters cushioning

A

Shark absorbent properties protect organs from physical trauma

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11
Q

What’s are salt properties

A

Ionic compounds dissociate into separate ions in water. Separate into cations positive molecules and anions negative molecules
All ions are called electrolytes conduct electrical current in solution
Ions play specialized roles in body functions
Ionic Balance is vital for homeostasis

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12
Q

Acid properties
And two important acids
In our bodies

A

Protane donors release hydrogen ions to bear protons but they have no electrons in solution important acids are hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid in our body

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13
Q

Bases Properties

A

Proton acceptors the pick up hydrogen in solutions
when dissolved in a solution they release a hydroxyl ion
Important bases are bicarbonate ion and ammonia

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14
Q

What is the pH scale measure what would constitute acidic and alkaline solutions

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
High hydrogen protons is more acidic with a pH from 0 to 6.99
Low hydrogen protons is more alkaline with a pH from 7.01 to 14
Each pH unit has a tenfold difference
Mitchell has a pH of seven and as were the positive hydrogen hydrogen equals the negative hydroxide ions

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15
Q

Explain a Neutralization reaction

A

When an acid and a base is mixed together the result is water and a salt via displacement reaction

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16
Q

What are buffers? How do they work?

A

Convert strong acids and bases to weaker ones.
Buffers resist abrupt in large swings in pH they can release a positive hydrogen ion if the pH rises and bind positive hydrogen ions if pH falls.

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17
Q

Explain the carbon in organic molecules

A

Carbon is electro neutral so it can share electrons by forming four covalent bonds with other elements and carbon is unique to living systems.

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18
Q

How are organic compound polymers made?

A

Made of chains of similar units called monomers.

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19
Q

How or organic compounds created and broken down

A

Synthesized by dehydration synthesis anabolic

broken down by hydrolysis reactions catabolic

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20
Q

What are three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
disaccharides and
polysaccharides.

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides name 2 important ones?

A

Simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon Atoms
Pentose sugars five carbons ribose and deoxyribose
Hexose sugars six carbons glucose

22
Q

Properties of a disaccharide

A

Double sugars
too large to pass through cell membranes.
Formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

23
Q

What are three important disaccharides?

A

Sucrose maltose and lactose

24
Q

What to monosaccharides composed sucrose

A

Made of a glucose and fructose

25
Q

With two monosaccharides compose maltose

A

Made of glucose and glucose

26
Q

What two monosaccharides compose lactose

A

Made of galactose and glucose

27
Q

Properties of polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers
Not very soluble

28
Q

Important polysaccharides

A

Starch carbohydrate storage form used by plants

glycogen carbohydrate storage form used in animals

29
Q

What is the first source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

30
Q

What are types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

31
Q

Properties of triglycerides

A 
Made of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
Functions as energy 
storage 
insulation and 
protection
32
Q

What are two types of triglycerides?

A

Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids

33
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

A

All carbons linked via covalent bonds resulting in a molecule with a maximum number of hydrogen Atoms saturated with hydrogen

34
Q

What are Unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more carbons are linked with double bonds resulting in reduced hydrogen Atoms unsaturated
Liquid at room temperature
trans fat - his modified oil and
omega-3 fatty acids are- heart healthy

35
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Modified triglycerides A glycerol with 2 Fatty acids plus a phosphorus containing group
Head and tail region have different properties
Head is polar attracted to water
tail is nonpolar repelled by water
Important in cell membrane structure

36
Q

What r Steroids

A

Consist of for interlocking ring structure.
Common steroids are cholesterol vitamin D steroid hormones and bile salts important and sell plasma membrane structure.
Most important steroid is cholesterol

37
Q

What are eicosanoids

A

Derive from fatty acids found in cell membranes most important ones are prostaglandins they play a role in blood clotting control blood pressure inflammation and labor contractions.

38
Q

What are proteins?

A
  • They have the most varied functions of any molecule
  • they are structural, chemical (enzyme) and contraction
  • Its made of polymers of amino acids monomers held together by peptide bond
39
Q

What are the four structural levels of proteins that dictate the shape and function of the protein?

A

1 primary: linear sequence of amino acids (order) covalent bond (peptide bond)
2 secondary: The manner in which Primary amino acids interact with each other and bond with hydrogen bonds.
A Alpha helix coil resembles spring
B Beta sheets resemble accordion ribbons
3 Tertiary: how secondary structures interact via sulfur bonds.
4 Quaternary: How two or more different polypeptides interact with each other.

40
Q

What are two types of proteins shapes?

A

Fibrous and globular

41
Q

Describe the fibrous proteins shape

A
  • Strands like
  • insoluble in water
  • mostly tertiary and quaternary structure
  • they provide mechanical and tensile strength.
42
Q

Describe globular proteins shapes

A
  • Functional proteins
  • compact Spherical water soluble -sensitive to environmental changes
  • also tertiary and Quaternary structure
  • has specific functions in regions (active sites)antibodies hormones molecular chaperones and enzymes
43
Q

Explain protein denaturization

-cooking-

A
  • Globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape
  • fibrous proteins are more stable active sites become deactivated it could be caused by a decrease in pH higher acidity or an increase in temperature usually reversibleIf normal conditions are restored irreversible if changes are extreme you cannot undo I cooked egg or a ceviche
44
Q

What shape are enzymes?

A

-Enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts

45
Q

What are some characteristics of an enzyme?

A

-It’s the most functional
-enzyme referred to as holoenzyme are in two parts:
1-apoenzyme which is the protein portion
2-cofactor metal ion or coenzyme organic Molecule often a vitamin
-Enzymes act on very specific substrate
-The names Usually end in ASE and often named for the reaction they catalyze
I.e. Hydrolase oxidase

46
Q

Explain What the enzyme does

A

The enzyme lowers the activation energy energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction enzymes prime the reaction enzymes allow chemical reactions to proceed quickly at body temperature

47
Q

What are three steps involved in enzyme action?

A

1 Substrate binds to enzymes active site, temporarily forming enzyme – substrate complex
2 complex undergoes rearrangement of substrate resulting in final product
3 product is released from end zone enzyme

48
Q

What is Nucleic acid made of?

A

-is made of monomers of nucleotides -it’s made of a nitrogen base pentose sugar and a phosphate group

49
Q

What are two major classes of nucleic acid’s?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA ribonucleic acid RNA.

50
Q

What’s important to know about DNA?

A

Holds a genetic blueprint for the Synthesis of proteins
It’s a double stranded helical molecule located in the cell nucleus the nucleotides contain a sugar phosphate group that form the back bone and one of four nitrogen bases Bond with the opposite strand in a very specific pattern A Adaline pairs with T Thymine and G guanine bonds with C cytosine
A - T
G - C

test 1 Anatomy And Physiology (6 decks)

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