Lect Chapter 2b Week 3 Flashcards
What is bio chemistry?
Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
What is an inorganic compound?
Compounds that do not contain carbon examples are water, salts, acids and bases.
What’s an example of a dipolar molecule?
Water H2O
Is H2O and CO2 organic or inorganic
Inorganic
What are five properties of water?
High heat capacity high heat of vaporization polar solvent properties reactively cushioning.
Explain water’s heat capacity
It can absorb and release heat with little temperature change
prevents sudden changes in temperature
Explain water’s high heat of vaporization
Evaporation requires large amount of heat
Good for cooling mechanism
Explain water’s polar solvent properties
It dissolves and dissociates ionic substances
Formance hydration layers around large charged molecules example proteins
It’s the body’s major transport medium
Explain water’s reactivity
Necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
Explain waters cushioning
Shark absorbent properties protect organs from physical trauma
What’s are salt properties
Ionic compounds dissociate into separate ions in water. Separate into cations positive molecules and anions negative molecules
All ions are called electrolytes conduct electrical current in solution
Ions play specialized roles in body functions
Ionic Balance is vital for homeostasis
Acid properties
And two important acids
In our bodies
Protane donors release hydrogen ions to bear protons but they have no electrons in solution important acids are hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid in our body
Bases Properties
Proton acceptors the pick up hydrogen in solutions
when dissolved in a solution they release a hydroxyl ion
Important bases are bicarbonate ion and ammonia
What is the pH scale measure what would constitute acidic and alkaline solutions
Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
High hydrogen protons is more acidic with a pH from 0 to 6.99
Low hydrogen protons is more alkaline with a pH from 7.01 to 14
Each pH unit has a tenfold difference
Mitchell has a pH of seven and as were the positive hydrogen hydrogen equals the negative hydroxide ions
Explain a Neutralization reaction
When an acid and a base is mixed together the result is water and a salt via displacement reaction
What are buffers? How do they work?
Convert strong acids and bases to weaker ones.
Buffers resist abrupt in large swings in pH they can release a positive hydrogen ion if the pH rises and bind positive hydrogen ions if pH falls.
Explain the carbon in organic molecules
Carbon is electro neutral so it can share electrons by forming four covalent bonds with other elements and carbon is unique to living systems.
How are organic compound polymers made?
Made of chains of similar units called monomers.
How or organic compounds created and broken down
Synthesized by dehydration synthesis anabolic
broken down by hydrolysis reactions catabolic
What are three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
disaccharides and
polysaccharides.
What are monosaccharides name 2 important ones?
Simple sugar with 3 to 7 carbon Atoms
Pentose sugars five carbons ribose and deoxyribose
Hexose sugars six carbons glucose
Properties of a disaccharide
Double sugars
too large to pass through cell membranes.
Formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides
What are three important disaccharides?
Sucrose maltose and lactose
What to monosaccharides composed sucrose
Made of a glucose and fructose
With two monosaccharides compose maltose
Made of glucose and glucose
What two monosaccharides compose lactose
Made of galactose and glucose
Properties of polysaccharides
Polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers
Not very soluble
Important polysaccharides
Starch carbohydrate storage form used by plants
glycogen carbohydrate storage form used in animals
What is the first source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What are types of lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Properties of triglycerides
Made of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Functions as energy storage insulation and protection
What are two types of triglycerides?
Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids
What are saturated fatty acids
All carbons linked via covalent bonds resulting in a molecule with a maximum number of hydrogen Atoms saturated with hydrogen
What are Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more carbons are linked with double bonds resulting in reduced hydrogen Atoms unsaturated
Liquid at room temperature
trans fat - his modified oil and
omega-3 fatty acids are- heart healthy
What are phospholipids
Modified triglycerides A glycerol with 2 Fatty acids plus a phosphorus containing group
Head and tail region have different properties
Head is polar attracted to water
tail is nonpolar repelled by water
Important in cell membrane structure
What r Steroids
Consist of for interlocking ring structure.
Common steroids are cholesterol vitamin D steroid hormones and bile salts important and sell plasma membrane structure.
Most important steroid is cholesterol
What are eicosanoids
Derive from fatty acids found in cell membranes most important ones are prostaglandins they play a role in blood clotting control blood pressure inflammation and labor contractions.
What are proteins?
- They have the most varied functions of any molecule
- they are structural, chemical (enzyme) and contraction
- Its made of polymers of amino acids monomers held together by peptide bond
What are the four structural levels of proteins that dictate the shape and function of the protein?
1 primary: linear sequence of amino acids (order) covalent bond (peptide bond)
2 secondary: The manner in which Primary amino acids interact with each other and bond with hydrogen bonds.
A Alpha helix coil resembles spring
B Beta sheets resemble accordion ribbons
3 Tertiary: how secondary structures interact via sulfur bonds.
4 Quaternary: How two or more different polypeptides interact with each other.
What are two types of proteins shapes?
Fibrous and globular
Describe the fibrous proteins shape
- Strands like
- insoluble in water
- mostly tertiary and quaternary structure
- they provide mechanical and tensile strength.
Describe globular proteins shapes
- Functional proteins
- compact Spherical water soluble -sensitive to environmental changes
- also tertiary and Quaternary structure
- has specific functions in regions (active sites)antibodies hormones molecular chaperones and enzymes
Explain protein denaturization
-cooking-
- Globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape
- fibrous proteins are more stable active sites become deactivated it could be caused by a decrease in pH higher acidity or an increase in temperature usually reversibleIf normal conditions are restored irreversible if changes are extreme you cannot undo I cooked egg or a ceviche
What shape are enzymes?
-Enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts
What are some characteristics of an enzyme?
-It’s the most functional
-enzyme referred to as holoenzyme are in two parts:
1-apoenzyme which is the protein portion
2-cofactor metal ion or coenzyme organic Molecule often a vitamin
-Enzymes act on very specific substrate
-The names Usually end in ASE and often named for the reaction they catalyze
I.e. Hydrolase oxidase
Explain What the enzyme does
The enzyme lowers the activation energy energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction enzymes prime the reaction enzymes allow chemical reactions to proceed quickly at body temperature
What are three steps involved in enzyme action?
1 Substrate binds to enzymes active site, temporarily forming enzyme – substrate complex
2 complex undergoes rearrangement of substrate resulting in final product
3 product is released from end zone enzyme
What is Nucleic acid made of?
-is made of monomers of nucleotides -it’s made of a nitrogen base pentose sugar and a phosphate group
What are two major classes of nucleic acid’s?
Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA ribonucleic acid RNA.
What’s important to know about DNA?
Holds a genetic blueprint for the Synthesis of proteins
It’s a double stranded helical molecule located in the cell nucleus the nucleotides contain a sugar phosphate group that form the back bone and one of four nitrogen bases Bond with the opposite strand in a very specific pattern A Adaline pairs with T Thymine and G guanine bonds with C cytosine
A - T
G - C
