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Lect 30 Flashcards

1
Q

What do plants produce?

A
  • Food
  • Raw materials
  • Valuable chemicals
  • Oxygen
  • Biofuels

These products are essential for various ecological and human needs.

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2
Q

What unique process do plants carry out?

A

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis allows plants to convert carbon dioxide to carbon.

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3
Q

What do plants convert carbon dioxide into during photosynthesis?

A

Sugars

This process also releases oxygen as a byproduct.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Plants can be harvested to produce _______.

A

Bioethanol

Bioethanol is a type of biofuel made from plant materials.

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5
Q

Why do we need plants?

A
  • To feed the world
  • To conserve bioresources

Plants play a crucial role in food security and ecological conservation.

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6
Q

To improve crop plants and conserve bioresources, what do we need to understand?

A

How plants grow and develop

Understanding plant biology is essential for agricultural advancements.

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7
Q

Why are plants considered excellent systems for experiments?

A

No issues of animal experimentation

This refers to ethical concerns associated with using animals in research.

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8
Q

What do we know about many plants that makes them suitable for genetic studies?

A

We know all the genes, have whole genomes sequenced, and have tools to study what their proteins do

This allows for comprehensive genetic analysis and understanding of plant biology.

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9
Q

What is somatic embryogenesis in plants?

A

The ability to regenerate whole plants from single cells in culture

This process showcases the totipotency of plant cells.

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10
Q

What characteristic do plant cells exhibit that is significant for regeneration?

A

Totipotency

This means that a single plant cell can develop into a complete plant.

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11
Q

What is a key advantage of genetic modification in plants?

A

Easy to introduce new genes into plants

This facilitates research and development in plant biotechnology.

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12
Q

Why are plants excellent systems for experiments:

A

Plants are excellent systems for experiments because:
1. No issues of animal experimentation
2. For many plants we know all the genes, have whole genomes sequenced and have tools to study what their proteins do.
3. Can regenerate whole plants from single cells in culture: somatic embryogenesis. Plant cells show totipotency.
4. Easy to introduce new genes into plants

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13
Q

Why is it useful to introduce new genes into plants?

A

It is useful for experimentation and to improve crops.

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14
Q

What are tools for experimentation in plant genetics?

A

Tools for experimentation include methods that allow for the introduction of new genes.

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15
Q

What does direct genetic manipulation allow in crops?

A

It allows for specific selected changes to genetic information.

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16
Q

What can direct genetic manipulation overcome?

A

It can overcome genetic limitations of crops.

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17
Q

What can be introduced through genetic manipulation?

A

Novel genes can be introduced.

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18
Q

List some goals of crop improvement

A

Some goals of crop improvement:
• Disease resistance
• Stress tolerance (e.g. cold/drought)
• Altered composition of harvested product

19
Q

What does genetic transformation mean?

A

Direct introduction of new genetic information

20
Q

What are genetically modified plants called?

A

Transgenic plants

21
Q

What organism is used to introduce new genetic information into plants?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

This bacterium is commonly used in genetic engineering to transfer genes into plant cells.

22
Q

What does Agrobacterium infection cause in plants?

A

‘crown galls’

23
Q

What are galls in the context of plant pathology?

A

Tumours of proliferating cells

24
Q

What type of organism is Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

A

Soil bacterium

25
Is Agrobacterium tumefaciens motile?
Yes
26
What behavior does Agrobacterium tumefaciens exhibit when it detects plant wounds?
Swims toward wound sites on plants and colonises the wound sites
27
What does the chromosome of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carry?
Essential bacterial functions
28
What is Ti plasmid?
Tumor-inducing plasmid
29
What is the structure of the Ti plasmid?
A small, circular DNA molecule
30
Does the Ti plasmid replicate independently?
Yes
31
What segment of DNA does the Ti plasmid allow Agrobacterium to transfer into the plant's genome?
T-DNA
32
Fill in the blank: The ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to infect plants comes from the _______.
Ti plasmid
33
True or False: The Ti plasmid is essential for the basic functions of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
False
34
What does the Ti plasmid contain that is crucial for transferring to plant cells?
A region called Transfer-DNA (T-DNA) ## Footnote T-DNA is essential for the process of genetic transformation in plants.
35
What happens to the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid before it is transferred to the plant cell?
It is copied and coated with proteins ## Footnote This coating helps facilitate the transfer and integration into the plant cell nucleus.
36
What from argobacterium enters the plant cell and integrates into chromosomal DNA?
T-DNA ## Footnote T-DNA is a segment of DNA from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that is transferred to the plant cell during infection.
37
What do genes on T-DNA encode for in relation to plant hormones?
Enzymes for auxin, cytokinin, and opine biosynthesis ## Footnote Auxin and cytokinin cause abnormal cell division and hence tumour formation
38
What is the role of opines in Agrobacterium?
Opines are small molecules used by Agrobacterium for growth ## Footnote Opines are synthesized by enzymes encoded by genes on T-DNA
39
True or False: Auxin and cytokinin promote normal cell division.
False ## Footnote They cause abnormal cell division leading to tumor formation
40
What are the two main functions of genes on T-DNA?
* Encode enzymes for auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis * Encode enzymes for opine biosynthesis
41
What is a selectable marker in the context of antibiotic resistance?
An antibiotic resistance gene that encodes an enzyme that inactivates an antibiotic ## Footnote Selectable markers are used in genetic engineering to identify successfully transformed cells.
42
What happens to transformed plants when exposed to an antibiotic?
Transformed plants survive in the presence of the antibiotic ## Footnote This survival indicates successful incorporation of the selectable marker.
43
What happens to non-transformed plants when exposed to an antibiotic?
Non-transformed plants die ## Footnote This outcome demonstrates the effect of the antibiotic on plants lacking the resistance gene.

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