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Bio Lect 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Stem Cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into one or more specialised cell types (potency).

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2
Q

What types of Stem Cells exist?

A

Embryonic and Adult cells.

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3
Q

What can Stem Cells generate?

A

Tissues, organs, or organisms.

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4
Q

What are the two key properties of Stem Cells?

A

Self-renewal and differentiation.

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5
Q

What are totipotent stem cells potency?

A

Generate all the tissues of the embryo and extra-embryonic tissues, such as the placenta. For example: the zygote/ fertilized ovum

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6
Q

What are Pluripotent stem cells potency?

A

Generate cells all three germ layers but not the extra-embryonic tissues. For example: embryonic stem cells

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7
Q

What are multi-potent stem cell potency?

A

They have the ability to differentiate into multi-lineages but not to all germ layers. For example: haemopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells

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8
Q

What are unipotent stem cell potency?

A

They have the ability to differentiate along only one lineage. eg: most adult stem cells in differentiated undamaged tissues, in normal conditions.

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9
Q

What is the function of ectoderm?

A

Ectoderm forms the exoskeleton

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10
Q

What is the function of mesoderm?

A

Mesoderm develops into organs

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11
Q

What is the function of endoderm?

A

Endoderm forms the inner lining of organs

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12
Q

What are the most important stem cells?

A

Totipotent, pluripotent

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13
Q

What is important about mature stem cells?

A

They lose potency and can’t differentiate into another lineage.

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14
Q

What can totipotent form?

A

It forms the embryo and placenta

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15
Q

What can pluripotent form and what are pluripotent stem cells formed by?

A

Pluripotent stem cells can for the embryo and pluripotent stem cells are formed by blastocysts containing pluripotent stem cells.

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16
Q

What is the structure of the hierarchy of stem cells?

A

Totipotent —> Pluripotent —> Multi-potent —> Uni-potent—> Mature

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17
Q

Which stem cells are embryonic and which are adults?

A

Embryonic: totipotent and pluripotent
Adult: multi-potent, uni-potent and mature

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18
Q

Stem cells can be isolated from most/ variety of tissues. Explain how?

A

Adult tissues & organs:
- biopsy
- bone marrow

Umbilical cord blood:
- at birth

Foetal tissues & organs:
- after pregnancy termination

(IVF (in vitro fertilisation); to extract embryonic stem cells)

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19
Q

Define Autologous

A

To take stem cells from an individual and return to same person

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20
Q

Define Allogeneic?

A

To take from an individual and return to a different person

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21
Q

What is the process of reproductive cloning that involves transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell to an enucleated egg?

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

SCNT is a method used in reproductive cloning.

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22
Q

What type of cells are somatic cells?

A

Differentiated animal cells that don’t divide in culture or develop into multiple lineages

Somatic cells are non-reproductive cells.

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23
Q

What is an enucleated egg?

A

An egg from which the nucleus has been removed

This is a crucial step in the somatic cell nuclear transfer process.

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24
Q

What happens to the enucleated egg after the nucleus of a differentiated cell is inserted?

A

It leads to the development of the recipient cell into all tissues/organs of an organism if the donor nucleus maintains full genetic potential

This is essential for the cloning to be successful.

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25
Fill in the blank: The process of replacing the nucleus of an enucleated egg with the nucleus of a differentiated cell is called _______.
Nuclear transplantation ## Footnote Nuclear transplantation is also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer.
26
What is the morula stage in development?
A solid ball of cells formed during early embryonic development ## Footnote The morula is a key stage following fertilization.
27
What is a key finding of nuclear transplantation in Xenopus laevis?
The nucleus from a differentiated frog cell can direct the development of a tadpole ## Footnote This demonstrates the potential of differentiated cells in developmental biology.
28
How does the efficiency of nuclear transplantation change with donor cell differentiation?
Efficiency decreases as the donor cell becomes more differentiated ## Footnote This suggests that less differentiated cells are more effective in directing development.
29
What significant technological advancement was paved by the findings in nuclear transplantation in Xenopus laevis?
Stem cell technology ## Footnote The research provided insights that contributed to the understanding and development of stem cell applications.
30
What happens when transplanted nuclei come from an early embryo, from/tadpole experiment?
Most recipient eggs developed into tadpoles ## Footnote Early embryos consist of relatively undifferentiated cells.
31
What is the outcome when nuclei are taken from fully differentiated intestinal cells?
Fewer than 2% of the eggs developed into normal tadpoles ## Footnote Most embryos stopped developing at an earlier stage.
32
What changes occur to the nucleus as animal cells differentiate?
The nuclear potential is restricted more and more ## Footnote This occurs as embryonic development and cell differentiation progress.
33
True or False: Nuclei from fully differentiated cells have the same developmental potential as those from early embryos.
False ## Footnote Nuclei from fully differentiated cells lead to significantly lower developmental success.
34
Fill in the blank: Nucleus changes as animal cells _______.
differentiate ## Footnote This relates to the restriction of nuclear potential.
35
What significant event occurred in 1997 at the Roslin Institute?
Cloned lamb from adult sheep by nuclear transplantation from differentiated cell ## Footnote This event marked the first successful reproductive cloning of a mammal.
36
What was the name of the cloned lamb produced by the Roslin Institute?
Dolly ## Footnote Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell.
37
How many embryos were created in the cloning process, and how many completed normal development?
Several hundred embryos were created, and one successfully completed normal development ## Footnote This highlights the challenges and low success rates of cloning.
38
What was confirmed about Dolly's chromosomal DNA?
Identical to nucleus donor ## Footnote This confirmed that Dolly was a genetic copy of the adult sheep from which the nucleus was taken.
39
List some mammals that have been cloned following Dolly's success.
* Mice * Rats * Cats * Cows * Horses * Pigs * Dogs * Monkeys ## Footnote Dolly's cloning opened the door for cloning a variety of mammalian species.
40
What is the percentage of cloned embryos that develop normally to birth?
Small percentage ## Footnote Cloning processes often result in a high failure rate.
41
Do cloned animals always look and behave identically to their donors?
No ## Footnote Cloned animals can exhibit variations in appearance and behavior.
42
What lung condition did Dolly develop at age 6?
Lung condition associated with older sheep (euthanised).
43
What was speculated about Dolly's cells compared to normal sheep?
Dolly's cells were not as healthy ## Footnote This was attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the original transplanted nucleus.
44
What health issues have cloned mice been shown to be prone to?
Obesity, pneumonia, liver failure, premature death ## Footnote These issues highlight the potential risks associated with cloning.
45
What is the status of human reproductive cloning?
BANNED in humans ## Footnote Human reproductive cloning is not permitted in any form.
46
What is the maximum time in culture for human reproductive cloning?
14d max time in culture ## Footnote This limit is set to prevent prolonged development outside of a natural womb.
47
Can human reproductive cloning be implanted into humans?
Never implant into humans ## Footnote Implantation of cloned embryos in humans is strictly prohibited.
48
What are human embryonic stem cells (hESC)?
Cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst
49
From which part of the blastocyst are human embryonic stem cells derived?
Inner cell mass (ICM)
50
How long after fertilization are hESC derived?
IVF 5 days post-fertilization
51
What is a key characteristic of hESC in culture?
They self-renew and expand indefinitely
52
What is the pluripotency of hESC?
Able to derive all cells from all three dermal layers
53
True or False: hESC can only differentiate into specific cell types.
False, able to derive all cells from all three dermal layers
54
What tissue can the endoderm produce?
Lung and Liver tissue ## Footnote The endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in early embryonic development.
55
What tissues are produced by the mesoderm?
Blood and Cardiomyocyte ## Footnote The mesoderm is responsible for forming various structures including muscles and the circulatory system.
56
What can the ectoderm produce?
Neural and Skin tissues ## Footnote The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the outermost layer of skin.
57
Fill in the blank: The _______ can produce Lung and Liver tissue.
endoderm
58
True or False: The ectoderm is responsible for producing blood.
False ## Footnote Blood is produced by the mesoderm.
59
Fill in the blank: The _______ can produce Blood and Cardiomyocyte.
mesoderm
60
What are the three primary germ layers?
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm ## Footnote These layers are formed during early embryonic development and give rise to all tissues and organs.
61
What type of stem cells are derived from the blastocyst formed by transferring a nucleus?
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells.
62
Into what types of cells can pluripotent embryonic stem cells be differentiated?
* Nerve cells * Liver cells * Pancreatic islets
63
What is a significant advantage of using cells that match the patient’s nuclear DNA?
There is less chance of rejection.
64
Why is there a higher chance that cells and tissues will function properly within a patient?
Because the cells match the patient’s nuclear DNA.
65
What potential issue may arise from the presence of donor mitochondrial DNA?
It could pose minor immune concerns.
66
Fill in the blank: An enucleated egg receives a nucleus from a patient’s cell, allowing it to develop into a _______.
[blastocyst]
67
True or False: The presence of donor mitochondrial DNA always leads to significant immune rejection.
False
68
What is therapeutic cloning?
The application of SCNT to produce patient-specific cell lines isolated from an embryo ## Footnote SCNT stands for somatic cell nuclear transfer.
69
What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning?
Designed to replace injured/diseased tissues ## Footnote Therapeutic cloning aims to generate tissues that are genetically identical to the patient, minimizing rejection.
70
Is therapeutic cloning intended for in utero transfer?
No ## Footnote Therapeutic cloning focuses on creating cell lines for treatment rather than creating embryos for implantation.
71
Fill in the blank: Therapeutic cloning is designed to replace _______.
[injured/diseased tissues]
72
True or False: Therapeutic cloning involves the transfer of cloned embryos into the uterus.
False ## Footnote Therapeutic cloning does not involve in utero transfer.
73
What is the primary focus of regenerative medicine?
Repair, replace, restore, and regenerate tissues or organs.
74
What are stem cells used for in therapy?
Replacement of cells or tissues after injury or disease with stem cell-derived tissue. (Regenerative medicine )
75
Fill in the blank: Regenerative medicine aims to ______ tissues or organs.
[repair, replace, restore, regenerate]
76
True or False: Stem cells can only repair tissues but cannot replace them.
False
77
What are the applications of embryonic stem cells?
* Basic research * Drug testing - disease and patient-specific cells * Toxicology - normal, human cell supply * Drug discovery * Therapy ## Footnote These applications highlight the versatility of embryonic stem cells in both research and clinical settings.
78
True or False: Drug testing using embryonic stem cells can be disease and patient-specific.
True
79
What role do embryonic stem cells play in toxicology?
They provide a normal, human cell supply. ## Footnote This is crucial for assessing the safety of drugs and chemicals.
80
Fill in the blank: Embryonic stem cells are used in _______ for drug discovery.
[Therapy]
81
What is a teratoma?
An often benign tumour containing tissues of more than one germ layer ## Footnote Teratomas arise from totipotent cells and are commonly found in the ovary or testes.
82
From what type of cells do teratomas arise?
Totipotent cells ## Footnote Totipotent cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type.
83
Where do teratomas often occur?
In the ovary or testes ## Footnote Teratomas are commonly associated with these reproductive organs.
84
What types of tissues might be found in a teratoma?
Teeth, hair ## Footnote Teratomas can contain various types of tissues due to their origin from totipotent cells.
85
What could cause the formation of teratomas from pluripotent cells?
If pluripotent cells were left in therapies of differentiated cells ## Footnote This suggests that incomplete differentiation can lead to teratoma formation.
86
What potential risk is associated with undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESC)?
Potential for teratoma formation from undifferentiated hESC ## Footnote Teratomas are tumors that can contain various types of tissues and arise from undifferentiated cells.
87
What is a challenge related to the experimental scale of hESC research?
Small experimental scale, need to scale-up ## Footnote Scaling-up is necessary for broader applications and clinical trials.
88
What are the risks associated with the use of animal products in hESC culture?
Infection and immune risks ## Footnote Animal products can introduce pathogens and lead to immune responses in human recipients.
89
List the current concerns in the clinical use of hESC ( 5 marks)
• Mainly mixed differentiation still, need to refine methods • Potential for teratoma formation from undifferentiated hESC • Small experimental scale, need to scale-up • Off-the-shelf therapy would still require huge bank to tissue match, otherwise immune rejection issues • Animal products used in culture, infection and immune risks
90
What are mouse embryonic stem cells important for?
Understanding disease and research ## Footnote They provide insights into developmental biology and potential therapies.
91
What are murine ES cells used to make?
Transgenic mice ## Footnote Transgenic mice are genetically modified organisms that carry genes from another species.
92
What is the result of introducing transgenic fluorescent marker gene expression into ES Cells?
Genetically modified animals ## Footnote ES Cells refer to embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into various cell types.
93
What are transgenic fluorescent markers used for?
To tag specific proteins for real-time tracking of their location and behavior
94
How do transgenic fluorescent markers help in studying diseases?
They allow observation of how proteins involved in diseases respond to treatments
95
What aspects of proteins can be studied using transgenic fluorescent markers?
Localization, degradation, and misfolding of proteins
96
What insights can researchers gain by observing proteins in living animals?
Insights into disease mechanisms and evaluation of drug effects
97
Fill in the blank: Transgenic fluorescent markers allow for _______ tracking of proteins.
[real-time]
98
True or False: Transgenic fluorescent markers can be used to study protein behavior in dead animals.
False
99
What are knock-out mouse technologies?
Genetic engineering techniques that create mice with specific genes disrupted or 'knocked out' ## Footnote These technologies are crucial for studying gene function and disease mechanisms.
100
What is the role of transgenic mice?
Mice that have had genes inserted or overexpressed to study gene function and model diseases ## Footnote They help researchers understand the effects of specific genes on physiology and pathology.
101
What cell type are knock-out and transgenic mouse technologies based on?
mES cells (mouse embryonic stem cells) ## Footnote mES cells are pluripotent, allowing for the generation of genetically modified mice.
102
True or False: Knock-out mouse technologies and transgenic mice have had little impact on basic and medical research.
False ## Footnote These technologies have significantly advanced research over the last 20 years.
103
In what ways have knock-out mouse technologies changed research?
They have enhanced understanding of gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapies ## Footnote This has implications for basic biology and medical advancements.
104
What type of cells can be taken from the brain?
Neural cells ## Footnote Adult stem cells can be harvested from the brain for regenerative purposes.
105
What type of cells can be derived from the heart?
Cardiac muscle ## Footnote Adult stem cells in the heart can help repair cardiac tissue.
106
From which location can blood cells be harvested?
Bone marrow ## Footnote Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells that differentiate into various blood cell types.
107
Fill in the blank: Adult stem cells can be taken from various locations, e.g., Brain,…
Brain, heart, bone marrow
108
True or False: Adult stem cells can only be taken from the bone marrow.
False ## Footnote Adult stem cells can be harvested from multiple sources, including the brain and heart.
109
What is the potential of adult stem cells?
They hold great potential for a wide range of treatments.
110
What can adult stem cells differentiate into?
Multiple cell types.
111
How can adult stem cells be utilized in medicine?
To generate specialized cells or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones.
112
What are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
Precursors to all major blood cell types ## Footnote HSCs are essential for the formation of various blood cells.
113
List the major blood cell types derived from hematopoietic stem cells.
* Basophils * Eosinophils * Neutrophils * Monocytes * Platelets * Erythrocytes (red blood cells) * Lymphocytes ## Footnote These cell types play critical roles in immune response and oxygen transport.
114
What happens to hematopoietic stem cells as they differentiate?
They lose their ability to proliferate and become more specialized ## Footnote This specialization is crucial for the proper function of blood cells.
115
True or False: The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells is loosely regulated.
False ## Footnote The differentiation process is tightly regulated to balance blood cell production.
116
Fill in the blank: As HSCs differentiate, they lose their ability to _______.
proliferate ## Footnote This is a key aspect of their transition into specialized blood cells.
117
What is the main role of hematopoietic stem cells in the body?
To produce all major blood cell types ## Footnote This production is vital for maintaining various physiological functions.
118
What are Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) primarily used for?
Bone marrow transplant
119
What conditions can benefit from a bone marrow transplant?
* Leukaemia * Sickle cell anaemia * Thalassaemia * Immune deficiencies * Others (e.g., MS replace/reset auto-reactive immune system)
120
True or False: HSCs can be used for tissue replacement beyond blood and immune systems.
False
121
What is a potential use of HSCs in cancer treatment?
Recovery of blood system after extreme chemotherapy
122
Fill in the blank: Currently, all established uses of 'bone marrow' transplant in the UK are for _______ replacement.
[blood/immune system]
123
What are the two main types of stem cells discussed in regenerative medicine?
Adult Stem Cells (ASC) and Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) ## Footnote These stem cells have different origins and properties.
124
What is a key advantage of adult stem cells in terms of origin?
Autologous or Allogeneic ## Footnote Adult stem cells can be derived from the individual (autologous) or from a donor (allogeneic).
125
What is a key disadvantage of embryonic stem cells regarding their differentiation potential?
Limited lineages ## Footnote Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all cells of the body, but their use raises ethical concerns.
126
Which type of stem cells is associated with pro-life concerns?
Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) ## Footnote The use of embryonic stem cells raises ethical issues related to the destruction of embryos.
127
What is a noted limitation of adult stem cells in regenerative medicine?
Poor expansion ## Footnote Adult stem cells have a limited ability to proliferate compared to embryonic stem cells.
128
What is a potential advantage of embryonic stem cells in terms of cell proliferation?
Limitless(?) ## Footnote Embryonic stem cells may have a greater capacity for expansion than adult stem cells.
129
Which type of stem cells can generate all cells of the body?
Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) ## Footnote This characteristic makes them particularly valuable for research and potential therapies.
130
Fill in the blank: Neither adult stem cells nor embryonic stem cells are _______.
ideal ## Footnote Both types of stem cells have their own advantages and disadvantages.
131
Discuss the origin, expansion, differentiation and ethics of adult and embryonic stem cells.
132
What type of cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells?
Somatic cells ## Footnote Somatic cells are any cells of the body excluding sperm and egg cells.
133
What is the primary purpose of reprogramming differentiated cells?
To act like Embryonic Stem cells ## Footnote This allows for the potential development of various cell types.
134
What are the four 'stem cell' master regulatory genes introduced to reprogram cells?
Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 ## Footnote These genes play crucial roles in maintaining pluripotency.
135
What additional factors improve the efficiency of reprogramming cells into iPS cells?
Nanog and LIN28 ## Footnote These factors enhance the reprogramming process and increase cell pluripotency.
136
What are deprogrammed cells known as?
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) ## Footnote iPS cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type.
137
Fill in the blank: Induced pluripotent stem cells restore _______.
pluripotency ## Footnote Pluripotency refers to the ability of a stem cell to develop into any type of cell.
138
What is the dual potential of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells?
Treatment and research ## Footnote iPS cells can be used for cell therapy and drug discovery.
139
What are the two major potential uses for human iPS cells?
* Cell therapy * Research and drug discovery ## Footnote These applications leverage the ability to reprogram cells for therapeutic and investigative purposes.
140
In cell therapy, what is done with a patient's own cells?
They are reprogrammed into iPS cells to replace nonfunctional tissues ## Footnote An example is reprogramming cells to produce insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.
141
How are iPS cells used in research and drug discovery?
They provide a cellular model of the disease to understand it and develop treatments ## Footnote This application helps in studying diseases at a cellular level.
142
What type of cells are taken from ALS donors for research?
Skin cells ## Footnote Skin cells are reprogrammed to study ALS.
143
What process is used to reprogram skin cells into iPS cells?
Viruses insert four genes into the skin cells DNA ## Footnote This genetic modification alters the cell's characteristics.
144
What are the cells called that are formed from reprogrammed skin cells?
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells ## Footnote iPS cells resemble embryonic stem cells.
145
What are iPS cells coaxed into becoming using signaling molecules?
Motor neurons ## Footnote This differentiation is crucial for studying ALS.
146
Why are patient-specific iPS cells studied?
To see how diseases like ALS arise ## Footnote These cells carry the genetic markers of ALS.
147
What is a potential goal of studying iPS cells derived from ALS patients?
Look for drugs to revert condition ## Footnote Identifying therapeutic options is a key research focus.
148
What is one of the comparisons made during the study of iPS cells?
Compare to normal cells, to understand disease ## Footnote This helps in understanding the differences caused by ALS.
149
True or False: iPS cells can be used to treat diseases.
True ## Footnote While research is ongoing, iPS cells hold potential for therapeutic applications.
150
What is the therapeutic potential of iPS cells in relation to Type 1 Diabetes?
iPS cells have the potential to regenerate insulin-producing cells for treating Type 1 Diabetes ## Footnote iPS stands for induced pluripotent stem cells.
151
What are autologous CiPS cells?
Autologous CiPS cells are patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells used for personalized treatments ## Footnote CiPS refers to chemically induced pluripotent stem cells.
152
What does chemical reprogramming refer to?
Chemical reprogramming is the process of converting somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells using chemical agents ## Footnote This method is an alternative to genetic reprogramming.
153
What is stepwise differentiation?
Stepwise differentiation is a method that gradually induces stem cells to become specific cell types, like insulin-producing cells ## Footnote This process allows for controlled development of cells.
154
What are CiPSC-islets?
CiPSC-islets are clusters of insulin-producing cells derived from chemically induced pluripotent stem cells ## Footnote These islets can potentially be used for transplantation in diabetic patients.
155
What is the role of patient-derived ADSCs in stem cell therapy?
Patient-derived ADSCs (adipose-derived stem cells) are used as a source of stem cells for various regenerative therapies ## Footnote ADSCs are advantageous due to their abundance and ease of collection.
156
What does autologous transplantation involve?
Autologous transplantation involves using a patient's own cells or tissues for treatment ## Footnote This approach minimizes the risk of rejection and complications.
157
Which anatomical location is referenced in the context of stem cell therapy for Type 1 Diabetes?
The posterior rectus sheath is referenced as a location relevant to adipose tissue collection ## Footnote This area is often accessed for harvesting adipose tissue during procedures.
158
What are the steps of therapeutic potential of iPS cells - Type 1 Diabetes
159
Describe Therapeutic potential of IPS cells- type 1 diabetes process:
Adipose tissue was taken from that patient. Then deprogrammed those cells, made them into induced pluripotent stem cells, and then created pancreatic cells that produce insulin. Then, they transplanted those cells into the patient. And it reversed the diabetes
160
What is a key advantage of iPS cells regarding cell lines?
Can now make person-specific cell lines ## Footnote iPS cells allow for the creation of cell lines tailored to individual patients.
161
What ethical advantage do iPS cells have over human embryonic stem cells?
No embryos damaged ## Footnote iPS cells provide an ethical alternative as they do not involve the destruction of embryos.
162
What is one application of iPS cells in studying genetic diseases?
Make lines from people with genetic disease and study lineages ## Footnote This allows researchers to better understand diseases like ALS.
163
Fill in the blank: iPS cells provide an ethical alternative to _______.
[human embryonic stem cells]
164
True or False: iPS cells can only be derived from embryos.
False ## Footnote iPS cells are derived from adult cells, not embryos.
165
What disease is mentioned as a case for studying lineages using iPS cells?
ALS (Lou Gehrig disease, Motor neurone disease) ## Footnote This highlights the potential for iPS cells in research related to specific genetic conditions.
166
List the Therapeutic potential of iPS cells Advantages
Therapeutic potential of iPS cells Advantages • Can now make person-specific cell lines • No embryos damaged - ethical alternative to human embryonic stem cells • Make lines from people with genetic disease and study lineages eg: ALS (Lou Gerig disease, Motor neurone disease)
167
What are iPS cells often created using?
Viral vectors ## Footnote Viral vectors are used to introduce genes into iPS cells, which can modify the host genome.
168
What is a potential problem with genetically modified iPS cells?
Unwanted effects or mutations ## Footnote These can arise from the modification of the host genome.
169
What risk is associated with the use of iPS cells in therapy?
Potential oncogenesis ## Footnote Oncogenesis refers to the process of tumor formation, which can be a risk with modified cells.
170
What difficulty do iPS cells share with hESCs?
Difficulty differentiating into the desired cell type ## Footnote This can lead to the resulting cells not functioning properly or behaving like natural tissue.
171
Fill in the blank: iPS cells can have difficulty differentiating into _______.
[the desired cell type]
172
List the Therapeutic potential of iPS cells Problems:
Therapeutic potential of iPS cells Problems: • Genetically modified: iPS cells are often created using viral vectors to introduce genes, which can modify the host genome and cause unwanted effects or mutations. • Potential oncogenesis (cancer) or damage to host genome • Differentiation like hESCs, iPS cells can have difficulty differentiating into the desired cell type, and the resulting cells may not function properly or behave like the natural tissue.
173
What does STAP stand for?
Stress-Triggered Acquisition of Pluripotency
174
In what year were STAP cells proposed?
2014
175
What is the primary purpose of STAP cells?
To induce adult cells to revert to a pluripotent state
176
What types of stressors were applied to induce pluripotency in STAP cells?
Low pH and physical pressure
177
What is the proposed outcome of applying stress to adult cells?
Differentiation into a pluripotent state
178
How does the pluripotent state of STAP cells compare to embryonic stem cells?
Similar to that of embryonic stem cells
179
What is a key characteristic of the STAP cell process?
No need for genetic reprogramming factors
180
Fill in the blank: STAP cells were proposed as a method to induce adult cells to revert to a _______.
pluripotent state
181
Describe the method of which STAP cells induce adult cells to revert to a pluripotent state?
STAP cells (Stress-Triggered Acquisition of Pluripotency) were proposed in 2014 as a method to induce adult cells to revert to a pluripotent state. The process involved applying stressors, such as low pH or physical pressure, to the cells. It was proposed that this stress would trigger differentiation of the adult cells into a pluripotent state, similar to that of embryonic stem cells, without the need for genetic reprogramming factors.
182
What happens to the nucleus as animal cells differentiate?
The nucleus changes as animal cells differentiate.
183
How does nuclear potential change during embryonic development?
Nuclear potential is restricted more and more as embryonic development progresses.
184
Fill in the blank: Nuclear potential is restricted more and more as _____ and cell differentiation progress.
[embryonic development]

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