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MCM Exam 1 > Lect 3 Nutrition > Flashcards

Lect 3 Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Purposes of Nutrition

A

Supply energy to perform work

Provide building blocks for biosynthesis

Support functioning of metabolic pathways

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2
Q

What is the breakdown of sources of energy ( _ % of kcal) ?

A

CHO: 60% of kcal

Lipids: 30% of kcal

Protein: 10% of kcal

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3
Q

Energy Conversion of Each Nutrient to kcal/g

A

CHO: 4 kcal/g

Proteins: 4 kcal/g

Lipids: 9 kcal/g

Alcohol: 7 kcal/g

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4
Q

What Factors Influence BMR

A

Age

Gender

Health

Hormones

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5
Q

Calculating Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

A

TEE = BMR x physical activity level (PAL)

Thermic effect of food and Non-Exercise Induced Thermogenesis also components

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6
Q

BMI Calculation

A

BMI = weight (kg) / height2 (m2)

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7
Q

BMI < 18.5

A

Underweight

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8
Q

BMI 35.0 - 39.9

A

Obese Stage 2

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9
Q

BMI 18.5 -24.9

A

Normal/Healthy

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10
Q

BMI >40.0

A

Morbidly Obese

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11
Q

BMI 25.0 - 29.9

A

Overweight

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12
Q

BMI 30.0-34.9

A

Obese Stage I

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13
Q

Site for Digestion & Absorption

A
  • Small Intestine
    • Duodenum
    • Jejunum
    • Ileum: Bile acids, Vit B12
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14
Q

What is Crohn Disease and what does it cause?

Treatment options?

A
  • Autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation/damage of bowel mucosa (distal ileum)
  • Nutritional deficiencies caused by malabsorption
    • Vit B12, Fat Soluble Vitamins (ADEK), Fats
  • Tx: Surgical resection of diseased segments
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15
Q

What are 6 common Electrolytes/Dietary Minerals and their sources?

A

K (unprocessed foods)

Na (Dietary salt)

Cl (Dietary salt)

Ca (Milk/Dairy)

PO4 (Dairy)

Mg (Meat, Fish, Veg, Nuts)

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16
Q

Vitamin B1 name?

Coenzyme form?

Deficiency caused by?

Clinical manifestations?

A
  • Thiamine
  • Coenzyme: Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
  • Deficiency: Alcoholism
    • Wernicke’s –> Ataxia, nystagmus
    • Korsakoff’s –> Psychosis
    • Dry Beriberi –> Muscle wasting, partial paralysis
    • Wet Beriberi –> Cardiac failure, peripheral edema
17
Q

Vitamin B2 name?

Coenzyme form?

Deficiency from?

Clinical manifestations?

A
  • Riboflavin
  • Coenzyme: FAD/FMN
  • Deficiency: Poor dietary intake or malabsorption syndromes
  • Clinical: Corneal neovascularization, magenta colored tongue, cheilosis, stomatitis
18
Q

Vitamin B3 name?

Coenzyme form?

Deficiency from?

Clinical Manifestations?

A
  • Niacin
  • Coenzyme: NAD(H) and NADP(H)
  • Deficiency:
    • Hartnup Disease: Impaired AA absorption from intestines and reabsorption in kidneys –> Tryptophan deficiency –> Niacin deficiency
    • Malnutrition –> Diets high in untreated corn
  • Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis, Death)
19
Q

Vitamin B5 name?

What coenzyme is it a part of?

What is it required for?

Deficiency from?

Clinical manifestations?

A
  • Pantothenic Acid
  • Synthesis of CoA
  • Required for acylation and acetylation
    • Signal transduction and enzyme activation/deactivation
  • Deficiency: extreme starvation
  • Dermatitis, numbness, paresthesia, muscle cramps, enteritis, alopecia, hypoglycemia
20
Q

Vitamin B6 name?

What is it converted to in the body?

Deficiency from?

Clinical manifestations?

A
  • Pyridoxine
  • Converted to pyridoxal phosphate in body
    • Aminotransferase reactions (ALT & AST)
  • Deficiency: Isoniazid Therapy
  • Clinical: Sideroblastic anemia (can’t incorporate iron into heme)
21
Q

Vitamin B7 name?

What is it a cofactor for?

Deficiency from?

Clinical manifestations

A
  • Biotin
  • Cofactor for Carboxylation Enzymes
    • Gluconeogenesis (Pyruvate carboxylase)
    • FA Synthesis (Acetyl CoA carboxylase)
  • Deficiency: excessive raw egg consumption
  • Clinical: Alopecia, rashes, bowel inflammation, muscle pain
22
Q

Vitamin B9 name

Coenzyme for what type of reactions?

Deficiency from?

Clinical manifestations?

A
  • Folic Acid
  • Tetrahydrofolate (THF) coenzyme for 1C transfer/methylation reactions
  • Deficiency:
    • Folate pool depleted in alcholics and pregnancy
      • Pregnancy –> Neural Tube Defect (spina bifida)
    • Side effect of drugs –> Methotrexate
  • Clinical: Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, Homocysteinemia
23
Q

Vitamin B12 name

What is it converted to?

Deficiency from?

Clinical manifestations?

A
  • Cobalamin
  • Converted to coenzymes methyl- or deoxyadenosyl cobalamin
  • Deficiency:
    • Pernicious anemia (most common)
  • Clinical: Megaloblastic anemia, neuropathies, homocysteinemia
24
Q

Vitamin C name?

Cofactor for?

Deficiency from?

Clinical Manifestations

A
  • Ascorbate
  • Cofactor: Collagen and carnitine synthesis, Dopamine –> Norepi, Antioxidants
  • Deficiency: Dietary, no citrus fruits or green vegetables
  • Clinical: Scurvy with Petechiae (purple hemorrhagic spots under skin), ecchymoses, spongy/bleeding gums, and poor wound healing
25
Q

Vitamin A main functions and associated structures?

Deficiency from?

Clinical Manifestations?

When is it toxic?

A
  • Vision
    • Retinal
  • Maintenance of Epithelium
    • Retinol & Retinoic Acid –> Normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissues
  • Deficiency: Extreme malnutrition, Fat malabsorption, Liver cirrhosis (most common in US)
  • Clinical: Night blindness, visual impairment, xerophthalmia (dry eye syndrome), growth impediment, dry skin, alopecia.
  • Toxicity: Teratogenic in pregnancy
    • Birth defects such as cleft palates and heart abnormalities
26
Q

Vitamin D forms?

Functions in different systems?

Deficiencies?

A
  • Forms
    • Ergocalciferol (D2)
    • Cholecalciferol (D3): sun exposure
    • Calcifediol (25-hydroxy Vit D): storage form in liver
    • Calcitriol (1, 25-hydroxy Vit D): active vit D, formed in kidneys in response to PTH (increase Ca and PO4)
  • Functions
    • GI Tract: induce syn of Ca binding proteins, increase PO4
    • Kidney: stim reabsorption of Ca and PO4 secretion
    • Bone: act on osteoblast receptor –> osteoclast activation –> bone resorption
  • Deficiencies:
    • Inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption of lipids, poor liver/kidney functioning, hypoparathyroidism, lack of sun exposure
    • Childhood Rickets (Skeletal abnormalities)
    • Adult osteomalacia (fewer deformities)

MCM Exam 1 (11 decks)

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