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MCM Exam 1 > Lect 2 Membranes/Transport > Flashcards

Lect 2 Membranes/Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What are two important roles of physiological membranes

A

Selective permeability of metabolites

Transport or exchange of materials

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2
Q

Membranes are arranged in a _ bilayer

A

Assymetric

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3
Q

Define semi-permeable

A

Allows small molecules and lipid soluble molecules to diffuse through

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4
Q

What are the primary components of membranes

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A
  • Hydrophilic/Polar head groups and Hydrophobic/Nonpolar tails
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6
Q

What are the two types of Phospholipids (PL) ?

What are their structures?

Examples of each?

A
  • Glycerophospholipids
    • Glycerol backbone attached to phosphate head group and 2 FA
      • Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphotidylinositol
  • Sphingolipids (SL)
    • Sphingosine backbone attached to LCFA and phosphorylcholine
      • Sphingomyelin (most common SL in outer leaflet)
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7
Q

What are glycolipids?

Where are they found?

A

Sphingosine backbone with oligosaccharide residues

Outer leaflet

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8
Q

What is cholesterol and where is it located in membrane?

A

Steroid nucleus with hydroxyl group and hydrocarbon side chain

Embedded in the bilayer

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9
Q

How is phosphatidylserine used as marker for apoptosis?

A

Healthy Cells: PS found in inner leaflet

Apoptosis: PS displayed on outer leaflet (tag for destruction by phagocytes)

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10
Q

Niemann Pick Disease is caused by deficiency in what enzyme?

Associated Sx?

A
  • Deficiency in Acid Sphingomyelinase (A-SMase)
    • Lysosomal enzyme breaking down sphingomyelin
  • Hepatosplenomegaly, neurological damage, cherry red spot in eye
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11
Q

Where are integral membrane proteins located?

What are polytopic transmembrane proteins and what do they include?

A
  • Embedded in membrane (stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with lipids)
  • Integral membrane proteins span entire lipid bilayer
    • Includes: transporters, ion channels, and receptors
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12
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins loosley bound to membrane through electrostatic interactions with lipds or proteins

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13
Q

What are lipid-anchored proteins?

A

Tethered to membranes by covalent attachment to a lipid

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14
Q

Glycocalyx is a CHO shell due to the presence of glycolipids and glycosylated proteins, what are its 3 key functions?

A

Protection

Cell Adhesion

Cell Identification

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15
Q

RBCs have antigens on their surface, which antibodies would be present in plasma for each blood group?

A

Type O: anti-A and anti-B

Type A: anti-B

Type B: anti-A

Type AB: none

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16
Q

Results of incompatible blood transfusion?

A

Acute hemolysis

Renal failure

Shock

17
Q

Rh factors (D antigen) are inherited in autosomal dominant fashion, who produces the D antigen?

A

Rh+ individuals express antigen, Rh- do not

18
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Incompatibility between mother and fetus blood

If mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+, mother produces antibodies and crosses placenta to attack the fetus

Risk is higher in subsequent pregnancies

19
Q

What factors influence membrane fluidity?

A
  • Temperature
  • Lipid Composition
    • Sat FA decrease fluidity, unsat FA increase fluidity
  • Cholesterol
    • Increases fluidity if rigid, decreases fluidity if fluid
20
Q

What is spur cell anemia?

What effect does it have on membranes

A

Elevated levels of cholesterol in RBC membrane

Decreases fluidity and flexibility –> RBC membranes break/lyse passing through capillaries

21
Q

Which ions have higher concentrations in/out of cells?

A

Typical Neuron

22
Q

How does Passive Transport work?

A

energy-independent mechanism

Molecules move down concentration gradients

23
Q

Which molecules use simple diffusion?

A

Small, non-polar and uncharged polar diffuse freely across membrane

24
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work?

What are the proteins in involved called?

A

Uses transmembrane proteins for molecules that are large and charged

Ion channels or transporters

25
Q

How do ligand gated ion channels work?

A

Ligands bind to channel and induce conformational change

26
Q

How do voltage gated ion channels work and where are they found?

What does depolarization mean?

How does Tetrodotoxin work?

A

Open/close in response to changes in the membrane potential (depolarization) and found in excitable cells (neurons)

Depolarization is incrase in membrane potential due to influx of positively charged ions

Inhibits voltage gated sodium channels from opening

27
Q

How does active transport work?

A

Energy dependent mechanism moving molecules against their concentration gradient

28
Q

What are the two types of primary active transport?

A
  • P type ATPases - ATP hydrolyzed and protein is phosphorylated
    • Na/K-ATPase & Ca-ATPase
  • ​ABC transporters - ATP hydrolyzed, but protein not phosphorylated
29
Q

Describe secondary active transport mechanism?

What are the three different types of secondary active transporters?

A
  • Unfavorable flow of one species against gradient is coupled to favorable flow down gradient
    • SGLT, NCX
  • Antiporter, Symporter, Uniporter
30
Q

Sodium Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1) function and location

What type of transporter?

A
  • Unidirectional movement of Na (down gradient) and glucose (against)
  • Epithelial cells that line SI and renal tubules
  • Ex: Invokana
  • Symporter
31
Q

Na-Ca Exchanger (NCX) function

What type of transporter?

A
  • Maintains low intracellular Ca levels
    • Imports 3 Na (down gradient) and exports 1 Ca (against gradient)
  • Antiporter
32
Q

Monosaccharides are transported from intestinal lumen across enterocyte into blood stream. Which transporters and type of transport do Glu, Fru, and Gal (and Na) use?

A
  • Glu and Gal:
    • Enter enterocyte along with Na by secondary active transport (SGLT1)
    • Enter bloodstream by facilitated diffusion (GLUT2)
  • Fru:
    • Facilitated diffusion using GLUT5 (apical) and GLUT2 (basolateral)
  • Na
    • Primary active transport using Na/K-ATPase (basolateral)
33
Q

How is cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective CFTR gene, what does this code for and what gets built up? What clinical sx does the condition cause?

A
  • CFTR is a chloride channel mediating active transport (ATP) of Cl from inside of cells to outside in airways
  • Causes buildup of Cl inside airway epithelial cells
    • Compensated by increased Na –> NaCl
  • Water pulled in to compensate salinity and decreases water content of surface mucous layer –> thicker mucous and airways susceptible to bacterial infections
34
Q

What is the defect in Cystinuria and what does this cause?

What are clinical sx?

A
  • Defect in transport responsible for uptake of dimeric AA (Cystine) and dibasic AA (Arg, Lys, Ornothine)
  • Causes formation of Cystine crystals in kidney
  • Present with renal cholic (intermittent abdominal pain)
35
Q

How is deficient in Harnup disease and what does this lead to?

What are the clinical sx?

A
  • Defect in non-polar/neutral AA transportation
    • Trp precursor of serotonin, melatonin, niacin (NAD+)
  • Transporter primarily in kidneys and intestine
  • Clinical: failure to thrive in infancy, intermittent cerebellar ataxia, nystagmus, photodermatitis, photosensitivity
36
Q

What are cardiotonic drugs?

How do they work?

What are they used for?

A
  • Cardiac glycosides that are contraction inducing drugs (Oubain and Digoxin)
  • Inhibit Na/K-ATPase –> Increased intracellular Na and secondary increase in Ca due to slowing of NCX –> Stronger excitation contraction of heart due to increased sarcoplasmic Ca
  • Used for CHF and A-Fib

MCM Exam 1 (11 decks)

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