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phys II, exam 3 > Lect 28: uterine cycle > Flashcards

Lect 28: uterine cycle Flashcards

1
Q

endometrial (uterine) cycle consists of what 3 phases

A
  1. menstrual phase: 0-4 d
  2. proliferative phase: 5-14 d
  3. secretory (progestational) phase: days 15-28
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2
Q

describe uterine cycle: menstual phase

  • when does it occur
  • where does it link with ovarian cycle
A
  • discharge of blood and endometrial debris from vagina
  • first day of menstruation marks new cycle
  • menses occurs 14 days after ovulation
  • coincides with end of ovarian luteal phase
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3
Q

function of release of prostaglandins during menstrual phase

A
  • causes vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels which disrupts blood supply and results in death of endometrium
  • stimulates mild contractions of uterium myometrium which helps expel blood and debris into vagina
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4
Q

Proliferative phase in dominated by what hormone

A
  • estrogen
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5
Q

describe proliferative phase

  • where does it link with ovarian cycle
  • what is occuring
A
  • begins with last portion of ovarian follicular phase: lasts from end of menstruation to ovulation
  • endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under influence of estrogen from newly growing follicles
  • peak estrogen levels trigger LH surge -> ovulation
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6
Q

When does uterus enter secretory/progestational phase

A

after ovulation when new corpus luteum is formed

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7
Q

what is occuring during secretory/progestational phase

A
  • progesterone secreted from corpus luteum converts endometrium to highly vascularized, glycogen-filled tissue
  • endometrial glands actively secrete glycogen
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8
Q

what happens during secretory/progestational phase if fertilization and implantation do not occur

A
  • corpus luteum degenerates
  • new follicular phase and menstrual phase begin once again
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9
Q

effects of estrogen on fallopian tubes

A

increases number of cilia and thier rate of beating, drawing the ovum into the tube

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10
Q

effects of estrogen on myometrium

A

increases oxytocin receptors and contractions

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11
Q

effects of estrogen on endometrium

A
  • thickens, increases permeability and blood supply
  • synthesizes receptors for progesterone on uterine cells
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12
Q

effects of estrogen on cervix and vagina

A
  • cervix: makes environment more alklaline and watery and increases distensibility, making birthing easier
  • vagina: increases vaginal secretions
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13
Q

effects of estrogen on mammary glands

A
  • required for growth
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14
Q

effects of estrogen on skeletal system/Ca2+ metabolism

A
  • facilitates calcium uptake into bone
  • antagonizes PTH
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15
Q

effects of estrogen on skin

A
  • inhibits body and facial hair growth
  • promotes pubic and axillary hair growth
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16
Q

effects of estrogen on kidney electrolytes

A
  • increases absorption of Na, Cl-, and H2O, contributes to bloating
17
Q

Effects of Progesterone on Uterus

A
  • needs estrogen prior to stimulation
  • increases development, differentiation of endometrial glands, converts uterus into actively secreting tissue
  • induces placenta formation
  • decreases contractility
18
Q

Effects of Progesterone on cervix and vagina

A
  • antagonizes estrogen!
  • cervix
    • decreases distensibility
    • thick, acidic, mucus, poor environment for sperm
  • vagina
    • decreases proliferation of epithelial layer
19
Q

Effects of Progesterone on mammary gland

A

increases branching of ductal system

20
Q

Effects of Progesterone on body temp

A

increases temp following ovulation and increases appetite

21
Q

Effects of Progesterone on kidney electrolytes

A

decreases Na+ reabsorption

22
Q

which hormone is responsible for growth and development of vagina, uterus, and oviducts: organs essential to ovum transport and zygote implantations

A

estrogen

23
Q

which hormone is the hormone of pregnancy responsible for implantation of zygote and maintenance of pregnancy state

A

progesterone

  • acts on estrogen primed tissues and typically antagonizes estrogen’s effects
24
Q

PMDD

A

premenstrual dysmorphic disorder

25
Q

when does menopause typically occur ? what triggers onset

A

45-55, hypothalamic changes may trigger onset

26
Q

period of transition through menopause is called

A

climacteric

27
Q

what is menopause

A
  • decline in fertility associated with a decline in ovarian function
  • related to a drop in critical mass of primordial follicles
28
Q

Primary cause of perimenopause is a decrease in follicular pool. What are the next steps

A
  1. inhibin decreases -> FSH increases -> acceleration of follicular maturation -> shorter cycle
29
Q

What happens in perimenopause when the follicular pool decreases even further?

A
  • E2 (estradiol (E2) decreses -> delayed + feedback -> longer cycle
  • insufficient E2 -> no + feedback -> anovulatory
30
Q

What happens in menopause when the follicular pool decreases even further?

A
  • E2 very low -> LH and FSH high
  • cycle arrest
31
Q

when is menopause diagnosed

A
  • FSH > 30 mIU/ml
  • no menses for 12 months in women of typical age range
32
Q

What is ERT and when is it used

A
  • estrogen only
  • used if woman has had hysterectomy
33
Q

What is HRT and when is it used

A
  • estrogen + progesterone
  • typical treatment
  • progesterone opposes estrogen effects on uterus
34
Q

MOA of progesterone only oral contraceptive pills

A
  • prevent ovulation by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing LH surge
  • thickening of cervical mucus which reduces sperm motility
  • decreased uterine glycogen production, which impairs blastocyts survival and interferes with implantation
35
Q

MOA of Plan B

A
  • high dose combination of estrogen + progesterone
  • suppress ovulation
  • premature degeneration of corput luteum

phys II, exam 3 (8 decks)

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