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phys II, exam 3 > Lect 27: female reproductive > Flashcards

Lect 27: female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

when is embryo known as fetus

A

after first two months of intrauterine development

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2
Q

ovaries secrete what two hormones

A
  1. estrogen
  2. progesterone
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3
Q

function of estrogen

A
  • ova maturation and release
  • female secondary sexual characteristics
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4
Q

function of progesterone

A
  • prepares uterus for nourishment of developing embryo/fetus
  • contributes to breasts ability to produce milk
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5
Q

primordial germ cells undrgo mitosis until

A

20-24 weeks gestation

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6
Q

oogonia are present from

A
  • 8-9 gestational weeks to 6 months after birth
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7
Q

When do oogonia become primary oocytes

A
  • enter prophase I of meiosis
    • development arrested here until just before ovulation
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8
Q

for how long are primary oocytes arrested in prophase I of meiosis? when does meiosis resume

A
  • development arrested here until just before ovulation
  • meiosis resumes only in the oocyte released at ovulation
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9
Q

When does mitotic proliferation of oogonium cells occur

A

prior to birth!

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10
Q

after puberty, how many primary oocytes reach maturity

A

only one a month

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11
Q

the first meiotic division is completed just prior to ovulation, when is the second meiotic division completed?

A

after fertilization

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12
Q

the first meiotic division of primary oocyte is completed just prior to ovulation and creates what two things

A
  • first polar body
  • secondary oocyte
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13
Q

what happens to secondary oocyte without fertilization

A

secondary oocyte is discarded in menses without ever completing oogenesis

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14
Q

what happens to secondary oocyte with fertilization

A
  • sperm entry triggers second meiotic division yeilding
    • second polar body
    • mature haploid ovum which unites with haploid sperm completing fertilization
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15
Q

in conclusion, each primary oocyte yeilds how many ovum

A
  • 1 cytoplasm-rich ovum and 3 cytoplasm-poor polar bodies that disintegrate
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16
Q

The ovarian cycle consists of what two phases? What separates these phases?

A
  1. Follicular phase: dominated by maturing follicles
  2. ovulation: mid-point between phases
  3. Luteal phase: characterized by corpus luteum
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17
Q

Describe the process of development from a primordial follicle to a preantral follicle

A
  1. primordial follicle: a primary oocyte is surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells
  2. granulosa cells proliferate and form zone pellucida around oocyte
  3. surrounding ovarian tissue differentiates into thecal cells which converts the primary follicle into a preantral follicle
  • **oogenesis stops here and regresses in prepubertal ovary
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18
Q

When does the follicular phase operate

A

first half of cycle

19
Q

give a nice summary of follicular phase

A
  1. granulosa cells of primary follicles proliferate and secrete zona pellucida
  2. surrounding ovarian tissue differentiates into theca cells
  3. granulosa and theca cells secrete estrogen
  4. oocyte inside follicle enlarges
  5. follicle ruptures to release oocyte from ovary -> ovulation
20
Q

What are the follicular cells? function?

A
  • granulosa cells: secrete zona pellucida
  • thecal cells -> secrete estrogen (with granulosa cells)
21
Q

Where is estrogen stored in oocyte during follicular phase

A
  • inside the antrum (fluid filled cavity)
22
Q

What is the Graafian follicle

A

the follicle that grows and matures more rapidly during the follicular phase. remaining follicles degenerate

23
Q

When does the luteal phase occur

A

last 14 days of ovarian cycle

24
Q

give a nice summary of luteal phase

A
  1. old follicular cells form corpus luteum
  2. luteal cells enlarge and produce estrogen and progesterone
  3. if released oocyte is not fertilized and does not implant, corpus luteum degenerates -> corpus albicans
25
Q

“yellow body” due to storage of cholesterol

A

corpus luteum

26
Q

“white body” due to fibrous tissue

A

corpus albicans

27
Q

what happens to corpus luteum if fertilization occurs

A

corpus luteum continues to grow and produce estrogen and progesterone: becomes the corpus luteum of pregnancy

28
Q

Theca cells contain what enzyme that is responsible for converting cholesterol -> androgens during follicular phase? What stimulation is needed for this to occur?

A
  1. cholesterol desmolase
  2. LH stimulation
29
Q

what happens to androgens produced by theca cells during the follicular phase

A
  • diffuse to granulosa cells
30
Q

granulosa cells contain what enzyme that converts androgens to estradiol? Stimulation from what hormone is needed?

A
  1. aromatase
  2. FSH stimulation
31
Q

When do theca and granulosa cells secrete progesterone

A
  • only after being converted into lutheal cells (during lutheal phase)
32
Q

estrogen is transported bound to

A

sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

33
Q

progesterone is transported bound to

A

corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

34
Q

What increases levels of SHGB? Decreases?

A
  • estrogen and thyroxine increase SHBG
  • progesterone and androgens decrease SHBG
35
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormones is released in a pulsatile manner. What hormone is stimulated by a low pulse frequency of GnRH? What hormone is stimulated by a high pulse frequency of GnRH?

A
  • low: FSH
  • high: LH
36
Q

function of FSH

A
  • stimulates ovarial follicles and induces Inhibin release from granulosa cells
37
Q

Inhibin has negative feedback on

A

FSH release

38
Q

Prolactin, stress, exercise, endorphins, and chronic illness have what effect on GnRH release

A

inhibit

39
Q

estrogen levels are what during ovulation? function

A
  • High
  • this high estrogen has a positive feedback
    • increase GnRH release from hypothalamus
    • increase in GnRH receptors on pituitary gland
    • leads to explosive LH surge at midcycle
40
Q

Which pituitary hormone surges durin ovulation?

A
  • LH -> leads to ovulation
  • FSH does not rise as much due to Inhibin
41
Q

List the effects of the LH surge

A
  1. process of meiosis resumes
  2. antral follicle -> Graafian follicle
  3. stimulates production of proteolytic enzymes -> digest follicle
  4. increases prostaglandins
  5. differentiate follicle cells into corpus luteum
42
Q

What keeps a second LH surge from occuring during the luteal phase

A
  • luteal cells make progesterone and estrogen
  • progesterone has a negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary which suppressed the positive feedback of estrogen, suppressing a second LH surge
  • low LH -> corpus luteum declines
43
Q

during follicular phase, a rise in what hormone signals ovarian follicle to secrete more estrogen

A

FSH

44
Q
A

phys II, exam 3 (8 decks)

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