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W's MoD > Lect 17 - Abnormalities of growth, differentiation & morphogenesis > Flashcards

Lect 17 - Abnormalities of growth, differentiation & morphogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

give examples of cells that adapt easily

A

Epithelial cells:

Labile cell population
Active stem cell compartment
Highly adaptive in number and function

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2
Q

give examples of cells which dont need to adapt

A

Fibroblasts:

Survive severe metabolic stress without harm
eg absence of O2

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3
Q

give examples of cells that can’t adapt

A

Cerebral neurons:

Terminally differentiated
Permanent cell population
Highly specialised function
Easily damaged by environmental change

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4
Q

what is physiological change?

A

Responding to normal changes in physiology or demand

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5
Q

What is pathological change?

A

Responding to disease related changes

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6
Q

what is an increase in cell size called?

A

HYPERTROPHY

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7
Q

what is an increase in the number of cells called?

A

HYPERPLASIA

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8
Q

what factors contribute ti INCREASED CELL MASS

A

HYPERTROPHY and HYPERPLASIA

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9
Q

why to tissues undergo hypertrophy?

A

for the Increase in functional capacity

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10
Q

give examples of three tissues which undergo hypertrophy particularly extensively?

A

Particularly seen in permanent cell populations esp cardiac and skeletal muscle.

uterine bulk also massively increases in pregnancy

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11
Q

what conditions can be caused by excessive hypertrophy?

A

hearts compensating for systemic hypertension. this leads to less efficient pumping (because of the actin and myosin not overlapping as well).

prostate enlargement.

Gynaecomastia

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12
Q

what do patients with left ventricle hypertrophy show on ecg?

A

Patients with LVH have increased ectopic beats
which can predispose to sudden degeneration of rhythm to:

ventricular tachycardia / ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

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13
Q

what important consideration must me made about subcellular hypertropy/plasia?

A

Increase in size and number of subcellular organelles could lead to Increased metabolism of drugs

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14
Q

what pathological endocrine effects can be seen as a side effect of Hyperplasia

A

Excess hormones such as

Growth factors

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15
Q

what is Gynaecomastia?

A

Enlargement of the male breast (gynaecomastia) due to hyperplasia of the glandular and stromal tissue in the breast.

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16
Q

when would you expect to see Hypertrophy of one kidney?

A

in the case of hypoplasia of the other.

17
Q

what causes Graves disease?

A

an autoantibody binds to and switches on the TSH receptor in the thyroid, leading to prolonged, uncontrolled hyperplasia of the thyroid and hyperthyroidism

18
Q

what is the classic clinical sign for grave’s?

A

The eye signs - bulging.(exophthalmos)

19
Q

what is Atrophy?

A

Reduction in size of organ or tissue by decrease in cell size and number

20
Q

give examples of Physiological Atrophy

A

Embryogenesis, uterus after pregnancy or menopause. thymus with aging. (In an adult the thymus is barely recognisable macroscopically.)

21
Q

what causes Pathological atrophy (6)

A 
Decreased workload (disuse atrophy)
Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition (eg cachexia)
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Pressure
22
Q

atrophy of brain tissue is commonly seen in what conditions?

A

cerebrovascular disease/dementia

23
Q

give two conditions which can lead to kidney Atrophy

A

Renal artery stenosis

Hydronephrosis (back pressure due to ureteric obstruction.)

24
Q

what are the 2 Mechanisms of atrophy?

A

Reduction in volume of individual cells or Death of individual cells.

25
Q

not all reduced cell mass is due to atrophy. what is agenesis?

A

failure to form embryonic cell mass

26
Q

what is aplasia?

A

failure of embryonic cell mass to differentiate into organ-specific tissues

27
Q

what is dysgenesis?

A

the failure of tissues to develop the structure of organs successfully in development

28
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

Transformation of one differentiated cell type into another with Better adaptation to new environment

29
Q

what tissue undergoes metaplasia pysiologically?

A

cervix at pregnancy

columnar -> squamous

30
Q

give some examples of pathological metaplasia

A

oesophagus turning into columnar in reflux

bronchial pseudostratisfied ciliated turning into squamous in smoking.

bladder turning into squamous in longstanding catheter, bladder calculus or schistomosiasis

31
Q

what is the risk of pathological metaplasia?

A

neoplasia

32
Q

what is the process by which a metaplastic tissue becomes a neoplastic one?

A

dysplasia:

“Earliest morphological manifestation of multistage process of neoplasia (hence irreversible)”

Shows cytological features of malignancy, but no invasion

W's MoD (18 decks)

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