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Microbiology test 2 > lect 10 > Flashcards

lect 10 Flashcards

1
Q

etiology of Acute Respiratory Diseases (ARD), the common cold

A
  • rhinovirus (25%)
  • coronaviruses (10%)
  • adenovirus and unknown viruses 30-40%
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2
Q

rhinovirus infections occur what time of year

A

hyperendemic in Winter

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3
Q

rhinovirus infections primarily affects what patient population

A

children an young adults

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4
Q

route of transmission of rhinovirus infections

A
  • Hands are a major vector; person to person transmission
  • *Handwashing and disinfection of objects are best means of control
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5
Q

rhinovirus treatment

A
  • Primarily symptomatic relief
  • An anti-rhinovirus compound, zinc gluconate, is used in OTC treatments such as “Cold Eeze” and Zicam. (Zicam has been withdrawn from the market)
  • Picovir (Pleconaril) – inhibits virus infective process by binding in rhinovirus virion canyon
    • Not yet approved for mass use in U.S.
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6
Q

There are three types of influenza (A,B,C), which is the most problematic

A

A

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7
Q

Large numbers of subtypes of influenza are recognized based on what two envelope proteins

A
  • H hemagglutinin (viral attachment)
  • N neuraminidase (viral penetration and release from infected cells)
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8
Q

How does influenza cause such bad complications

A

Viral destruction of respiratory tract ciliated epithelium (mucociliary escalatory system), sets stage for complications

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9
Q

List the major complications of influenza

A
  1. pulmonary
    • secondary (bacterial) PNA
  2. Reyes syndrome
  3. Guillain-Barre syndrome
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10
Q

Reyes syndrome is associated with what medication and commonly seen in what age group

A
  • Primarily observed in children aged 6 months-15 years
  • Correlated with Influenza A/B or chickenpox infection treated with aspirin
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11
Q

etiology of secondary bacterial PNA (after influenza)

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
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12
Q

how is influenza diagnosed

A
  • Rapid antigen detection kits are now available for in-office confirmation
    • rapid tests sometimes fail
    • False negatives – early in course of disease, antigens levels may be below detection limits
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13
Q

What two meds were used in the treatment of influenza by being effective against the type A viruses only, but resistance has emerged recently and their use has been halted

A

Amantadine and Rimantadine

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14
Q

Which two drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors approved for use in 1999 for treatment of influenza. Stops virus release/spreading Effective against both type A and B viruses

A

Osetamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza)

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15
Q

describe the trivalent vaccine used for influenza

A
  • contains the two type A and one type B viruses predicted most likely to be dominant.
  • Two basic forms of vaccine are now in wide use – inactivated and a live, attenuated vaccine (“FluMist”)
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16
Q

recommendation of flu vaccine for Children under age 9 without history of prior influenza infection

A

require two administrations of vaccine to attain maximum degree of protection.

17
Q

Recently, flu vaccines have changed to what

A
  • Quadrivalent forms: 2 type A and 2 type B viruses
    • TIV -> IIV
    • intradermal application
18
Q

influenza vaccine target groups

A
  1. >65 yo
  2. residents of chronic care housing facilities
  3. chronic pulmonary or CV disorders
  4. children with asthma
  5. immunosuppression
19
Q

describe influenza antigenic drift

A

point mutations of H or N proteins

20
Q

describe influenza antigenic shift

A

recombination involving entire genome segments encoding H or N gene

21
Q

describe influenza nomeclature

ex: A/Hong Kong/68/H2N1

A

A/Hong Kong/68/H2N1

type/location of discovery/year of isolation/antigenic type

22
Q

when are influenza vaccines typically provided

A

around October

  • *must be repeated each season
23
Q

What are two Chlamydiae strains that cause respiratory illness

A
  • chlamydia trachomatis
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
24
Q

describe chlamydiae

A
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • Biochemically restricted, energy parasites
    • Remove ATP from host since they have no means to synthesize it
25
Q

chlamydiae assumes what two forms

A
  • elementary body: infectious, nongrowing form, responsible for dispersal
  • Reticulate body: growing (vegetative) form
26
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis is the caustive agent of what infant conditon

A
  • Infant pneumonia
    • Onset 3 weeks after birth
27
Q

risk factor of infant getting Chlamydia trachomatis

A

infected mother , child aspirates agent during birth

28
Q

What condition is associated with infant PNA caused by C. trachomatis

A

Reiter’s syndrome may follow infection with this agent

29
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes what conditions

A
  • Widely distributed - causes bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis
  • associated with atherosclerosis

Microbiology test 2 (6 decks)

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