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Microbiology Part 2 > Lec47 Kinetoplasts and Toxoplasma > Flashcards

Lec47 Kinetoplasts and Toxoplasma Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the vector of leishmania species?

A
  • sandlfy [luczomya, phelbotomine species]
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2
Q

What is the parasite and vector of chagas disease?

A
  • parasite: trypanosoma cruzi

- vector: kissing or riduviid bug [triatoma species]

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3
Q

What is the parasite and vector of sleeping sickness?

A

parasite: trypanosoma brucei Gambiense or Trypanosoma brucie Gambiense
vector: tsetse fly

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4
Q

What is life cycle of leishmania?

A
  • sandfly takes blood, injected promastigote stage into skin
  • promastigotes phagocyttized by macrophages
  • matures inside macrophages
  • multiplies in cells of various tissues
  • sandfly takes blood meal and ingests infected macrophages
  • ingestion of parasitized cell
  • parasite matures in sandfly
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5
Q

What clinical signs of leishmania?

A
  • spectrum of presentations –> can be cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral
  • painless ulcers with surrounding erythema
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6
Q

Where does leishmania occur?

A
  • Africa, central and south america, europe, asia, middle east
  • 15 million infected
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7
Q

What cells does leishmania infect?

A

its in intracellular parasite –> infects mononuclear phagocytes and leukocytes

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8
Q

What is reservoir host for leishmania?

A

rats/rodents, dogs

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9
Q

Where do you get cutaneous leishmaniasis? What two species?

A

south and central america, mexico, a few bands in africa/middle east
Leishmania mexicana
leishmania tropica

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10
Q

Where do you get mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? What species?

A

leishmania braziliensis
south america and india, parts of southern europe
can start as cutaneous then get involvement of mucous membranes

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11
Q

Where do you get visceral leishmaniasis? what species? signs?

A

leishmania donovani
south america, peru, brazil
spreads to liver and spleen

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12
Q

What are signs of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A
  • ulcer at site of sandfly bite
  • ulcer can heal within a month
  • painless ulcers with surrounding erythema
  • at border of ulcer can find intracellular amastigotes
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13
Q

What are signs of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis [espundia]?

A
  • species spreads from cutaneous to mucous membranes in nose, oropharynx, larynx
  • slow erosive destruction of tisses
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14
Q

How do you treat leishmania?

A
  • pentavalent antimonals [sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimonate]
  • 2nd choice: amphotericin B
  • miltefosine
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15
Q

What are side effects of pentavalent antimonals?

A
  • cardio toxicity
  • nephrotoxicity
  • pancreatitis
  • sterile abscess at injection site
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16
Q

What are signs of visceral leishmaniasis [/dum dum fever/kala azar]?

A
  • incubation period 3-8 mos after cutaneous ulcer
  • massive heptosplenomegaly
  • fever
  • skin grayish and dark
    hypergammaglobuliemia, anemia, weight loss
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17
Q

How do you diagnose visceral leishmaniasis?

A
  • bone marrow biopsy or splenic aspirate
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18
Q

How do you distinguish leishmania amastigotes and histoplasma capsulatum under microscope?

A

leishmania has kinetoplast = bar-like structure next to nucleus of leishmania protozoa

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19
Q

What is geo distribution of T. cruzi?

A

south america, central america

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20
Q

What is life cycle of T. cruzi?

A
  • triatomine bug takes blood meal, passes metacyclic trypomastigotes in feces that enter bite wound or mucoous membrae
  • parasite penetrates cells at bite wound site
  • parasite matures within cells by binary fission to amastigotes
  • trypomastigotes ingested by triatomine bug taking blood meal –> multiply and mature and gut
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21
Q

What is sign of acute phase of chagas disease?

A

romana’s sign [chagoma] = unilateral edema of eye where paraistes have been innoculated

22
Q

What are clinical signs of chronic phase of chagas disease?

A

= megasyndrome

  • cardiomegaly
  • paucity of parasitemia, cardiac muscle cells heavily parasitized
  • megaesophagus
  • megacolon
23
Q

Where do trypomastigotes of chagas disease replicate? is there antigenic variation?

A
  • south american trypanosomiasis ones do not replicate in blood
  • do not undergo surface antigenic variation even though elicit intense immune response
24
Q

How do you diagnose south america trypanosomiais?

A
  • peripheral blood smear

- recover by xenodiagnosis [let insect you bread fead on pt and then check insect] and grow in culture

25
Q

How do you treat acute phase of trypanosomiasis cruzi?

A
  • benzinadole or nifurtimox
26
Q

What is mech of action nifurtimox?

A
  • forms oxygen radicals in parasites [south american trypanosomiasis]
27
Q

How is south american trypanosomiasis transmitted?

A
  • feces of riduvid/triatomine bug
28
Q

Where is trypanosoma brucei gambiense found? what kind of sleeping sickness does it cause?

A
  • in central and west africa

- causes chronic diseease

29
Q

Where is trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense found? What kind of sleeping sickness does it cause?

A
  • in east africa

- acute form

30
Q

How is sleeping sickness [african trypanosomiasis] transmitted?

A
  • by tsetse fly in rural endemic foci

- often disease of livestock

31
Q

What is result of sleeping sickness if untreated?

A

fatal

32
Q

Where do trypomastigotes of sleeping sickness replicate? is there antigenic variation?

A
  • replicate in blood

- undergoes antigenic variation by VSPs [variable surface proteins]

33
Q

What is life cycle of trypanosomiasis?

A
  • tsetse fly takes blood meal and injects trypomastigotes
  • parasite transforms/multiple in bloodstream/lymph/spinal fluid and travel to different sites then return to blood
  • tsetse fly takes blood meal and ingests trypmastigotes
  • in tsetse fly midgut mature
34
Q

What happens in stage 1 of african trypanosomiasis?

A
  • winterbottoms sign: parasites proliferate extracellular at site of inoculation –> have inflammatory nodule
  • spread to lymphatics/blood stream, have months of waves of parasitemia
  • mos to yrs later –> penetrate CNS –> fever, nausea, lethargy, headache, facial edema
35
Q

What is unique about pathogenesis of stage 1 sleeping sickness for T. b. rhodesiense?

A
  • more acute course –> myocarditis, CHF, pericardial effusion, pulm edema
  • may have death in wks to mos often before CNS invation
36
Q

What happens in stage 2 of african trypanosomiasis?

A
  • CNS –> headache, inability to concentrate, personality change, seizure, coma, death
  • daytime somnolence = disruption of normal circadian rhythm
37
Q

How do you treat east african sleeping sickness [T. b. rhodesiense]? Early? Late?

A

early: suramin
late: melarsoprol

38
Q

How do you treat west african sleeping sickness [T. b. gambiense]? Early? Late?

A

early: pentamidine
late: melarsoprol

39
Q

How do you diagnose african trypanosomiasis?

A
  • peripheral blood smear

- visualization CSF

40
Q

What is definitive host of toxoplasmosis?

A
  • cat –> kitty litter
41
Q

How is toxoplasma transmitted?

A
  • consumption undercooked meats
  • from cats [kitty litter]
  • in utero
42
Q

What are clinical signs of toxoplasmosis?

A
  • most common = asymptomatic
  • acute infection in normal host: mono-type illness, lymphadenopathy
  • can have progressive infection/reactivation with cellular immune deficiency –> encephalitits, pneumonia, retinal disease
43
Q

How do you get congenital toxoplasmosis?

A
  • new infection occurs in woman during pregnancy
  • usually neonatal infection = subclinical
  • may progress to cause mental retardation, hydrocephalus, blindness
44
Q

What is toxoplasmosis chorioretinits?

A
  • can occur in congenital infection or in acquired infection in normal or compromised host
45
Q

How do you diagnose toxoplasmosis?

A
  • ring enhancing lesions in brain
46
Q

What are two things that show ring enhancing lesions in brain on CT?

A
  • toxoplasmosis

- CNS lymphoma

47
Q

What does toxocara canis normally infect?

A

a nematode that normally infects dogs

kids who play in sandbox can get it

48
Q

What is clinical effect of toxocara canis?

A
  • in humans can disseminate and cause visceral larva migrans [VLM]
49
Q

Difference toxocara and toxoplasma?

A

toxoplasma: protozan parasite
toxocara: dog worm

50
Q

What is botfly?

A
  • botfly = dermatobium hominus
  • captures a mosquito and glues her eggs to the abdomen, when mosquito feeds –> eggs drop, hatch, burrow in skin
  • causes tender erythematous expanding lesion with breathing hole

Microbiology Part 2 (30 decks)

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