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Bio 40 > Lec exam 1- chapter 2 > Flashcards

Lec exam 1- chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

At its simplest level of organization, the human body is composed of chemical structures of

A

atoms, ions and molecules

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2
Q

Matter

A

Human body is composed of this and is defined as a substance that has mass and occupies space, composed of atoms and has three forms solid, liquid and gas

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3
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element.

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4
Q

Element

A

major, lesser or trace are based on percentage by weight in body.

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5
Q

Isotopes

A

Different atoms of the same element, ,exhibit essentially identical chemical characteristics

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6
Q

Radioisotopes

A

unstable because they have excess neutrons, lose nuclear components to form

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7
Q

Physical half- life

A

The time for 50% of radioisotope to become stable, Can vary from seconds to thousands of years

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8
Q

Biological half life

A

time required for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body

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9
Q

Chemical compounds

A

Stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio,
Classified as ionic or molecular

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10
Q

Ions

A

Are groups of atoms with a positive or a negative charge

Are produced from the LOSS or GAIN of an electron or electrons

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11
Q

ionic compounds

A

are structures composed of ions held together in a lattice of ionic bonds

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12
Q

Covalent bonds

A

formed when atoms (SHARE) electrons, When both require electrons and when the atoms have 4-7 in the outer shell

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13
Q

What four elements of the human body form covalent bonds the most?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

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14
Q

Single covalent bond

A

one pair of electrons shared

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15
Q

Double covalent bond

A

two pairs of electrons shared

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16
Q

Triple covalent bond

A

Three pairs of electrons shared

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17
Q

Carbon skeleton formation

A

Carbon can bond in straight chains, branched chains, or rings

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18
Q

Molecular forumula

A

shows the chemical constituents and their rations in a molecule

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19
Q

Structural formula

A

provides a mean for differentiating isomers and shows their ARRANGEMENT within the molecule

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20
Q

isomer

A

molecule with the same number and kind of elements arranged differently in space

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21
Q

Polar molecules

A

contain polar covalent bonds

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22
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

contain non polar covalent bonds

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23
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Atoms with different electronegativity share electrons UNEQUALLY

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24
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

two atoms of the same element have the same electronegativity. SHARE EQUALLY

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25
Q

Electronegativity

A

determined by the number of protons and the proximity of valence electrons

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26
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

some molecules polar in one location and non polar in another

27
Q

anions

A

ions with a negative charge

28
Q

cations

A

ions with a positive charge

29
Q

polyatomic ions

A

anions composed of more than one atom

30
Q

octet rule

A

atoms obtain an outer shell with 8 electrons and gain chemical stability through the loss, gain and sharing of electrons

31
Q

Table salt NaCl is an example of what compound?

A

ionic

32
Q

Sodium ion

A

cation

  • most common in extracellular
  • nerve impulses
  • most important in osmotic water
  • across plasma membrane
33
Q

Potassium ion

A

cation

  • most common in intracellular
  • nerve impulses
  • glycogen storage in liver and muscle
  • function ph balance
34
Q

calcium ion

A

cation

  • hardness of bone and teeth
  • muscle constraction
  • exocytosis
  • blood clotting
35
Q

Magnessium ion

A

cation

-required for atp production

36
Q

hydrogen ion

A

cation

-concentration determines ph of blood and other fluids of the body

37
Q

chloride ion

A

anion

  • component of stomach acid
  • chloride shift in erythrocytes
  • alters nerve cell responses to stimulation
38
Q

Bicarbonate ion

A

anion

  • buffering of ph in blood
  • conversion of CO2 gas to HCO3 which is transported in the blood
39
Q

phosphate ion

A

anion

  • hardens bones and teeth
  • component of phospholipids
  • component of nucleotides
  • most common intracellular anion
  • intracellular buffer
40
Q

molecular compound

A

molecules composed of two or more different element

41
Q

CO2 and H2O are what compounds

A

molecular

42
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Forms between POLAR MOLECULES
influences how water molecules behave
individually weak, collectively strong
-Partially positive hydrogen atom within a polar molecule and a partially negative atom within a polar molecule

43
Q

Van der waals

A

NON POLAR MOLECULES
individually weak
unevenly distributed

44
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

NON POLAR MOLECULES PLACED IN A POLAR SUBSTANCE

45
Q

Intermolecular attractions

A

if attraction occurs between different portions of a large molecule

46
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding

47
Q

Surface tension

A

The inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water

48
Q

Adhesion

A

the attraction between molecules and a substance other than water

49
Q

properties of water

A

temperature, specific heat, heat of vaporization

50
Q

What is the solvent of the body

A

water

51
Q

substances that dissolve in water are

A

solutes

52
Q

Acid

A

dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion

Also called a proton donor

53
Q

Base

A

accepts H+ when added to solution

Also called a proton acceptor

54
Q

Ph

A 
measure of H+
The relative amount of H+ in a solution
Expressed as a number between 0 and 14
The inverse of the log for a given H+ concentration
greater H+ = lower pH value
55
Q

Neutralization

A

occurs when an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral

56
Q

Buffer

A

Buffers help prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added
Act to accept H+ from excess acid or donate H+ to neutralize base

57
Q

Suspension

A

LARGER than 100 nanometers
Does NOT remain mixed unless in motion
SCATTERS LIGHT

58
Q

Colloid

A

BETWEEN 1-100 nanometers
REMAINS mixed when not in motion
SCATTERS LIGHT

59
Q

Solution

A

SMALLER than 1 nanometer
REMAINS mixed when not in motion
DOES NOT SCATTER LIGHT

60
Q

Emulsion

A

water and a non polar liquid substance

DOES NOT MIX UNLESS SHAKEN

61
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon

62
Q

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?

A

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins

63
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

contains one carbon and one oxygen

non polar and hydrophobic

Bio 40 (7 decks)

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