Lec 9 - Dieting Flashcards
How many female and male adolescents engage in dieting?
and pathological dieting?
Over half of female adolescents (50-55%), and a quarter of male adolescents (30-35%)
pathological = Unhealthy weight control behaviours
Similar prevalence to dieting in adolescent/young adult populations
=Extreme weight control behaviours
Use increases with age, present in 8.4% of young adolescent girls, but up to 20.6% of young adult women
what is anorexia nervosa?
Persistent restriction of intake to maintain a significantly low body weight
Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
Distorted physical self image (body image distortion)/failure to recognise seriousness of condition/heightened influence of weight/shape on self-evaluation
Ritualised, rule governed, behaviour surrounding eating and exercise. Loss of control over dieting.
HIGHEST MORTALITY OF ANY PSYCH ILLNESS
what is Bulimia Nervosa?
How often?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating in a discrete period of time; consuming amount larger than most would eat; compensatory behaviours
Regular binge-purge cycle occurring once a week for 3 months
Sense of lack of control over eating
Weight – usually in normal range
there are Two types:
Purging: Self-induced vomiting/emetic use or laxatives, diuretics
Non purging: strict dieting/excessive exercise
what is Binge eating disorder (BED)?
Frequency/duration – weekly, for 3 months
Similar levels of weight/shape concern as bulimics
Pressure to be thin, overvaluation of appearance, body dissatisfaction, depressive symptoms, dietary restraint, social support, self-esteem, emotional eating
associated with obesity
what is Night eating syndrome (NES)?
Evening hyperphagia and insomnia, nocturnal eating, ‘morning anorexia’, onset – stressful events
Emotional eating which continues throughout night, unlike a binging episode
Mixed evidence for relationship with BMI
Associated with trait anxiety, cortisol levels, depression and stress as well as other ED pathology
what are the Transdiagnostic Symptoms?
body checking
compulsive exercise - predicts onset
what are the Epidemiology of Key eating disorders?
Anorexia
1-2% of female populations in Westernised countries. Prevalence in males estimated to roughly be 10% of that in females. ratio of females to males lower than 10:1.
Age of onset usually between 15 and 19
Bulimia
1-2 %, greater proportion of sufferers are male compared to AN
Peak onset same as AN, but incidence remains high for those aged 19-29 group
BED 1.5% of population affected. Females at greater risk Age of onset similar to bulimia nervosa Duration around 4 years
incidience in males vs females over time?
females increased a bit, males increased sig
what are some key predisposing factors to ED?
Anxiety - Suggested reduction of anxiety resulting from dieting is hugely reinforcing, leading to continuation of starvation
Severe dieting- Protective factors of this are
family connectedness, positive family communication, maternal presence, parental supervision
Maintaining factors
Compulsivity = behaviour that is repeatedly performed despite maladaptive outcomes
=Imbalance between habit system (putamen) and goal-directed system (caudate and prefrontal cortex) = dominance of habit system
Another is Body Image = Focus on weight and shape
Starvation in AN meets criteria for compulsive behaviour
what are the 3 general risk factors of pathological dieting?
individual determinants=weight conern, image
enviro determinants= media, exposure
social determinants = parenting, teasing
what are the 3 aetiology factors of eating disorders
predisposing factors - eg genes, anxiety
precipitating factors = eg perceptions of others
perpetuating (maintaining) factors= compulsivity, bingeing
