Lec 9/8

Question 1

what is microanatomy?

Answer 1

it is also called histology
histos-tissue
logia-study of

Question 2

what is cellular level?

Answer 2

smallest unit of life, does all functions of living things

Question 3

what is tissue level?

Answer 3

group of cells that performs a specific function

Question 4

what is organ level?

Answer 4

several different types of tissue, function together for a specific purpose

Question 5

what is organ system level?

Answer 5

several organs working together to perform a function. Different organ systems in a multicellular organism interact to carry out processes of life

Question 6

what disciplines does microanatomy relate to?

Answer 6

gross anatomy, physiology, biochemistry/cell biology, pathology, dental clinical disciplines(operative, endodontics, periodontics, orthodontics)

Question 7

what are methods for viewing tissue?

Answer 7

conventional light, confocal light, transmission e, scanning microscopy; x-ray, computer axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography

Question 8

compound microscope

Answer 8

2 lens: 10x and 4,10,40,1000x

Question 9

what is resolution?

Answer 9

• shortest distance bw 2 points that can still be distinguished by observer as separate entities.
• thinner sections, better resolution

Question 10

what is resolution dependent on?

Answer 10

• wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
• magnification of objective lens
• thickness of section

Question 11

how big is cell nucleus?

Answer 11

1-15 microns

Question 12

how big is red blood cell?

Answer 12

6 microns

Question 13

what is an artifact?

Answer 13

• sth viewed as a product of human conception or agency rather an inherent element
• a structure or feature not normally present but visible as a result of n external agent or action

Question 14

what affects the “artifacts”

Answer 14

• preserving/fixation
• embedding
• sectioning
• staining

Question 15

what are steps to prepare a specimen?

Answer 15

• fixation-formalina(37% buffered formaldehyde)
• embedding-paraffin wax
• cutting
• staining-H&E

Question 16

what is fixation?

Answer 16

stop tissue deterioration

Question 17

what are types of fixation?

Answer 17

• freezing
• extreme heat
• acids
• alcohol
• aldehydes-cross-link within and bw amino groups of proteins(lysine)

Question 18

perfusion

Answer 18

vv

Question 19

immersion

Answer 19

vv

Question 20

what are types of aldehyde?

Answer 20

• formaldehyde-little deformation of tissue; may not fully fix tissue
• glutaraldehyde-stronger, can cause deformation of tissue; common in e microscopy
• karnovsky’s-mixture

Question 21

types of embedding - frozen

Answer 21

\+quick to retrieve, cut, stain
\+can preserve antibody-antigencomplexes
-can destroy antibody-antigencomplexes
-morphologically destructive
-poor resolution

Question 22

types of embedding-paraffin

Answer 22

\+very standardized
\+standardized interpretation
\+mostly preserve antibody-antigen complexes
-long fixation times
-resolution can vary w/ technician

Question 23

types of embedding-plastic

Answer 23

\+very good resolution
\+water soluble plastic retains lipids
-long fixation times
-interpretation can vary depending on procedure
-destroy antibody-antigen complexes

Question 24

what tools for sectioning?

Answer 24

• microtome

- cryomicrotome

Question 25

what is the ideal thickness?

Answer 25

• frozen sections= 5um-10um
• paraffin sections=2um-50um
• plastic for light microscopy=0.5um -2um
• plastic for e microscopy=40um-100um

Question 26

there are 3 classes of staining

Answer 26

• differentiate bw acidic and basic components of cell
• differentiate fibrous components of extracellular matrix
• metallic salts that precipitate metal deposits on tissue

Question 27

Acid Stain-eosin

Answer 27

• net negative charge on colored portion (dye-Na+)

- stain basic structure(cytoplasm+mitochrondria)–>acidophilic

Question 28

Basic stain-hematoxylin

Answer 28

• net positive charge on colored portions(dye+Cl-)

- stain acidic structure(DNA, RNA)–>basophilic

Question 29

Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining(H&E)

Answer 29

• most common
• Hematoxylin-blue, basic, stain acidic stuff(DNA,RNA)
• Eosin-pink, acidic, stain basic stuff(basic proteins in cytoplasm; collagen, elastic, reticular fibers but cant distinguish)

Question 30

H&E doesnt stain certain components

Answer 30

• elastic material, reticular fibers, basement membrane–> all pink, cant distinguish
• lipids–>lost in preparation

Question 31

Metachromasia

Answer 31

• basic dye reacts w/ tissue, shifts color
• from polyanions in tissue
• red or purple

Question 32

Weigert’s elastic stain

Answer 32

blue-elastic fibers

Question 33

silver stain

Answer 33

black-reticular fibers

Question 34

Periodic aid-Schiff

Answer 34

• Magenta:glycogen and carb rich molecules(mucus, basement membrane of epithelia, reticular fibers)
• Schiff reagent+aldehyde->red

Question 35

4 primary tissue types

Answer 35

epitheilial, CT,muscle, nervous tissue

Question 36

common characteristics of 4 tissues

Answer 36

• composed of living matter: cells, intercellular substances, and fluid
• different in types and family of cells, % compositions, arrangement

Question 37

epithelial tisssue

Answer 37

-protect, absorb, secrete(covers and lines, modified for absorption, modified for secretion

Question 38

connective tissue

Answer 38

• providing support and holding other tissues together

- additional functions(blood/bone marrow, mineralized tissues, fat storage)

Question 39

muscle tissue

Answer 39

• contract and conduct

- irritability and conductivity