Lec 9 Flashcards
The sequence of events includes seed germination, seedling emergence, and development to the stage where the seedlings could be expected to grow to maturity. (Murray, et. al., 2006).
Crop Establishment
Establishment depends on the complex interaction of?
seed
soil
climatic
biotic
machinery and management factors
The yield potential of many crop species is dependent on?
the established population and the uniformity of
spacing of plants within that population
Factors to be considered in determining the optimum
population and the spacing for a particular crop:
- Distance between rows of plants
- Spacing of plants within a row
The pattern resulting from the random scattering of seeds on the soil surface.
Broadcast Planting
The pattern resulting from the random dropping (and subsequent covering) of seeds in furrows to give definite rows of randomly spaced plants.
Drill Planting
The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of single seeds in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced single plants.
Precision Drill Planting
The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of groups (or hills) of seed in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced groups of plants.
Hill Drop Planting
The square-grid planting pattern resulting from the accurate and indexed placement (and subsequent covering of seed) of individual seeds or groups of seed. Individual plants, or groups of plants, are spaced equidistant apart and aligned in perpendicular rows.
Check Row Planting
The pattern resulting from placing single or multiple seeds in individual holes that have been ‘punched’ or otherwise dug in the seedbed. The holes are usually aligned to form rows of established plants. Nevertheless, when hand, rather than machine, planting methods are used the holes may be randomly placed over the seedbed surface.
Dibble or Punch Planting
Placing seedlings or groups of seedlings at about equal intervals in rows.
Transplanting
The goal of all who grow crops is to?
obtain good germination and stand
manually powered machine or any power-operated device used to place seeds, seed pieces, plant parts and seedlings in/on the soil for propagation and production.
Planting Equipment
Designed to meter out seeds without damage at the desired rate and place them in moist soil, uniformly distributed or in hills, at the desired depth, and with the covering soil compacted as desired.
Planting Equipment
Design Considerations
Size
Uniformity of shape and size
Shape,
Surface smoothness
Resistance to injury from compression and abrasion
Planter Classification
Number of rows planted by one pass
Nature of the power source used
Method of attaching the machine to the power source (if applicable)
Based on the resultant planting pattern.
It is directly related to how many furrow openers it has
Number of Rows
the furrow openers are typically uniformly spaced across the full width of the machine.
multi-row machines
Human-powered planters can typically be categorized as being either
Hand-held/carried
Pulled or pushed
Animal-powered Planters are typically categorized as
Pulled
Tractor-powered planters can generally be categorized as being:
Trailed
Semi-mounted
Front/mid/rear mounted
Those that typically see the planter pulled by, pushed by or carried and pulled by the power source.
Methods of attachment
Randomly distribute seed on the soil surface. As the seeds are deposited on the soil surface (i.e. not in furrows created by a furrow opener) an additional operation (e.g. harrowing) may be needed to cover seed.
Broadcast Planter
Randomly drop seeds in furrows to form definite rows of established plants. This type of planter uses a mass flow type seed meter and is extensively used for the establishment of both winter and summer crops where there is no need to place plants equidistant down the rows.
Drill Planter
Accurately place single seeds or groups of seed almost equidistant apart along a furrow. They are typically used to plant crops that require accurate control of plant population, and spacing between and along the rows to achieve the yield potential under given environmental conditions.
Precision Planter
Place a seed or a number of seeds in discrete holes, rather than furrows, dug in the seedbed. Typically, although not necessarily, the holes are equally spaced and aligned so as to form rows.
Dibble/Punch Planter
Group 1
Soil –and – Residue Cutting Devices
Primarily designed to cut soil and/or residue in the row area without significantly disturbing the seedbed.
Group 1: Soil –and – Residue Cutting Devices
Group 2
Row Preparation Devices
Primarily designed to alter surface residue and/or soil conditions to facilitate the operation of the planter’s furrow opening device or otherwise improve the prospects for crop establishment.
Group 2: Row Preparation Devices