Lec 9 Flashcards
The sequence of events includes seed germination, seedling emergence, and development to the stage where the seedlings could be expected to grow to maturity. (Murray, et. al., 2006).
Crop Establishment
Establishment depends on the complex interaction of?
seed
soil
climatic
biotic
machinery and management factors
The yield potential of many crop species is dependent on?
the established population and the uniformity of
spacing of plants within that population
Factors to be considered in determining the optimum
population and the spacing for a particular crop:
- Distance between rows of plants
- Spacing of plants within a row
The pattern resulting from the random scattering of seeds on the soil surface.
Broadcast Planting
The pattern resulting from the random dropping (and subsequent covering) of seeds in furrows to give definite rows of randomly spaced plants.
Drill Planting
The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of single seeds in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced single plants.
Precision Drill Planting
The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of groups (or hills) of seed in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced groups of plants.
Hill Drop Planting
The square-grid planting pattern resulting from the accurate and indexed placement (and subsequent covering of seed) of individual seeds or groups of seed. Individual plants, or groups of plants, are spaced equidistant apart and aligned in perpendicular rows.
Check Row Planting
The pattern resulting from placing single or multiple seeds in individual holes that have been ‘punched’ or otherwise dug in the seedbed. The holes are usually aligned to form rows of established plants. Nevertheless, when hand, rather than machine, planting methods are used the holes may be randomly placed over the seedbed surface.
Dibble or Punch Planting
Placing seedlings or groups of seedlings at about equal intervals in rows.
Transplanting
The goal of all who grow crops is to?
obtain good germination and stand
manually powered machine or any power-operated device used to place seeds, seed pieces, plant parts and seedlings in/on the soil for propagation and production.
Planting Equipment
Designed to meter out seeds without damage at the desired rate and place them in moist soil, uniformly distributed or in hills, at the desired depth, and with the covering soil compacted as desired.
Planting Equipment
Design Considerations
Size
Uniformity of shape and size
Shape,
Surface smoothness
Resistance to injury from compression and abrasion
Planter Classification
Number of rows planted by one pass
Nature of the power source used
Method of attaching the machine to the power source (if applicable)
Based on the resultant planting pattern.
It is directly related to how many furrow openers it has
Number of Rows
the furrow openers are typically uniformly spaced across the full width of the machine.
multi-row machines
Human-powered planters can typically be categorized as being either
Hand-held/carried
Pulled or pushed
Animal-powered Planters are typically categorized as
Pulled
Tractor-powered planters can generally be categorized as being:
Trailed
Semi-mounted
Front/mid/rear mounted
Those that typically see the planter pulled by, pushed by or carried and pulled by the power source.
Methods of attachment
Randomly distribute seed on the soil surface. As the seeds are deposited on the soil surface (i.e. not in furrows created by a furrow opener) an additional operation (e.g. harrowing) may be needed to cover seed.
Broadcast Planter
Randomly drop seeds in furrows to form definite rows of established plants. This type of planter uses a mass flow type seed meter and is extensively used for the establishment of both winter and summer crops where there is no need to place plants equidistant down the rows.
Drill Planter
Accurately place single seeds or groups of seed almost equidistant apart along a furrow. They are typically used to plant crops that require accurate control of plant population, and spacing between and along the rows to achieve the yield potential under given environmental conditions.
Precision Planter
Place a seed or a number of seeds in discrete holes, rather than furrows, dug in the seedbed. Typically, although not necessarily, the holes are equally spaced and aligned so as to form rows.
Dibble/Punch Planter
Group 1
Soil –and – Residue Cutting Devices
Primarily designed to cut soil and/or residue in the row area without significantly disturbing the seedbed.
Group 1: Soil –and – Residue Cutting Devices
Group 2
Row Preparation Devices
Primarily designed to alter surface residue and/or soil conditions to facilitate the operation of the planter’s furrow opening device or otherwise improve the prospects for crop establishment.
Group 2: Row Preparation Devices
Group 3
Furrow Opening Devices
The specific device that opens the furrow into which the seed is placed.
Group 3: Furrow Opening Devices
Group 4
Seed Firming Devices
Designed to press uncovered seed into the soil at the base of the seed furrow to improve seed/soil contact.
Group 4: Seed Firming Devices
Group 5
Seed Covering Devices
Specifically designed to promote soil flow back into the furrow to cover the seed after placement and/or firming. They play an important role in promoting and stabilizing conditions conducive to rapid seed germination and influencing seed emergence and establishment through the manipulation of the depth of soil cover over the seed.
Group 5: Seed Covering Devices
Group 6
Row Specific Seedbed Firming devices
Designed to firm the soil that covers the seed in a furrow.
Group 6: Row specific seedbed Firming devices
Group 7
Non row specific Seedbed firming/levelling devices
Designed to firm and/or level the entire field surface, i.e. exert their influence over both the row area and the inter-row space. When used, they usually perform the final soil working operation. These devices may be used on a planter in addition to, or as a replacement for, row specific seedbed firming devices.
Group 7: Non row specific Seedbed firming/levelling devices
Measured as the vertical distance from the seed to the soil surface immediately above the seed.
Effective planting depth
depth is typically related to seed size
Optimum effective depth
Small seeds
shallow depths (e.g. 3–8 mm)
Larger seeds
Deep depths (e.g. 30 to 60 mm)
Those devices that meter the seed from the seed box and deposit it into the delivery system that conveys the seed for placement on or in the seedbed.
Seed metering devices
Simple device consisting of a seed
box, an agitator and a
variable sized outlet
orifice. The orifice size
is usually adjusted by
sliding a plate that
increases or decreases
the size of an opening
or by rotating a plate
to expose a different
orifice size.
Stationary Opening Type Seed Meters
Employ a rotating
member in the form of a
fluted or a peg/studded
roller to regulate seed
flow from the seed box
to the seed delivery
system. In both cases, as
the roller rotates the
seed is moved and
metered by the external
surface of the roller.
External force feed type seed meters
Types of External Force Feed Seed Meters
- Fluted roller types
- Peg or studded roller types
Often referred to as double run seed meters, employ a rotating member in the form of a double-sided flanged disc. The width of the flange and the size of corrugations on their internal surface differ on each side of the disc, giving what is termed a fine and coarse side of the disc. As the disc rotates seed, directed to either the fine or coarse side of the disc (hence
the term double run), is moved and metered by
this corrugated internal surface of the flange.
Internal Force Feed Type Seed Meters
Unlike mass flow seed meters, precision meters
attempt to meter single
seeds. Classification
largely depends on the design and/or shape of
the principle moving
element that enables
seed singulation (i.e. the
selection of single seeds from the seed lot).
Precision Seed Metering Devices
Those that principally use a moving plate with indents, i.e. holes, cells or cups, around its periphery and metering performance is generally highly dependent on matching the size (length, breadth and thickness) of the indents to the size of the seed.
Plate Type
Similar to mechanical plate meters in the principle of operation but differ substantially in that the plate is replaced by a continuous rubberized belt of fixed width and thickness with holes, compatible to the seed size, equally spaced along its length.
Belt type
This type of precision seed meter typically consists of a seed box, a multi-row metering drum, a seed delivery manifold and a blower or fan unit to pressurise the drum and seed box and deliver the seed to the furrow.
Pressurized drum type
Initially developed in an attempt to overcome
the inconvenience of having to change the hole size and hence the plate, disc or drum every time a different seed size was to be metered.
Finger pick-up type
Include those devices that convey the seed from the meter to the device that deposits the seed on the soil surface or in the furrow.
Seed delivery systems
Most delivery systems can be broadly classified
as:
- gravity drop
- mechanical assist
- pneumatic
The seed simply falls through a
cavity or a tube
from the seed
meter to the
soil.
Gravity Drop Seed Delivery Systems
Mechanically assisted seed delivery systems incorporate a mechanical device to assist in the delivery of seed from the seed meter to the seedbed.
Mechanically assisted seed delivery systems
As commonly used on broadcast planters to assist spread seed over an appropriate width of the seedbed surface;
spinning discs or oscillating spout types
As used on precision seeders to assist in maintaining metering accuracy (seed spacing) between the meter and the furrow.
conveyor types
Used on multi-row planters fitted with a single centrally located seed box. The seed is metered
into a delivery tube where it is conveyed by an air stream to individual furrow openers that are uniformly spaced across the full width of the
machine.
Pneumatic seed distribution and/or delivery systems
The seed is metered
directly into the tube that delivers it to the
furrow by airflow in the tube.
Pneumatic Delivery Only Systems
Form the basis of the so-called ‘air seeders’ which are
available as discrete machines or as a planting
attachment for tined tillage equipment, such as chisel
plows and cultivators.
Pneumatic Delivery and Division Systems
Planter Components
- soil-engaging components
- furrow opener depth control mechanism
- seed metering
- seed delivery and/or division system
Those that do not plant seeds but rather whole
plants (i.e. seedling transplanters),
plant stems (e.g. sugar cane whole
stick or set type planters) or tubers
(e.g. potato planters), etc.
Specialized planters
TYPES OF POTATO DROPPING MECHANISMS
The Picker Wheel Drop
The Chain Cup Drop
This machine are used to save the labor and time of a farmer. Used when large quantities of plants such as cabbage, tobacco, tomatoes and sweet potatoes are to be transplanted. These machine have a device to open a small furrow, a tank to supply water, and disks or blade for closing the soil over the fertilizer and about the plants
TRANSPLANTING MACHINES
Primarily as a means of weed control. It requires less seed but much more labor, and the crop takes longer to mature due to transplanting shock.
Transplanting
Turn the throttle clockwise to increase acceleration and counter clockwise to reduce.
Throttle control lever
There are four gear settings; Reverse, Neutral Transplanting and Transport gear settings
Gear shift lever
It has three settings; On, Off and Lamp (lights on).
Engine switch
Used to engage and disengage the planting mechanism of the transplanter.
Transplanting clutch lever
has three settings; (1) 70 hills per 3.3 m2, (2) 80 hills per 3.3 m2, and (3) 90 hills per 3.3 m2.
Hill space adjustment lever
used to start engine.
Recoil start knob
used for right and left turning on headlands.
Steering clutch levers
Used to adjust the depth of planting. It has four settings and 12 combinations.
Planting depth adjuster
