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An Sc 310 > Lec 8 - CNS > Flashcards

Lec 8 - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what types of cells compose 90% of the CNS

A

glial

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2
Q

what are the two types of glial cells in the CNS

A

astrocyte - many fxns
microglia - phagocytes

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3
Q

what are the 6 fxns of astrocytes

A

-develop neural connections
-regulate synaptic activity
-remove NTs from synaptic cleft
-communicate to neurons through chem messengers
-maintain normal electrolyte composition (K+) of ISF in CNS
-protect neurons against toxic substances and oxidative stress

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4
Q

what two things do microglia protect the CNS from and how

A

-foreign matter through phagocytosis (bact and dead cells)
-oxidative stress by removing ROS

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5
Q

what are the physical supports of the CNS

A

bones, meninges, CSF

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6
Q

what bones support the CNS

A

-cranium which encases the brain
-vertebrae through which the spinal cord runs

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7
Q

what are the 3 meninge membranes, where do they lie b/w

A

-lie b/w bones and tissue of CNS
-dura matter
-arachnoid matter
-pia matter

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8
Q

what are the 4 ventricles of the brain, what fluid are they filled w

A

-two lateral ventricles called ventricles 1 and 2
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle
-CSF

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9
Q

what is it called when we collect a sample of the spinal fluid

A

spinal tap or lumbar puncture

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10
Q

what colour is the CSF, what cells secrete it and where does it circulate and get reabsorbed

A

-clear
-secreted by ependymal cells of choroid plexus
-circulates to subarachnoid space and ventricles, is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi

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11
Q

what are the fxns of CSF

A

-phys protection by cushioning brain
-chem protection by maintaining stable ISF enviro
-creates a closely regulated extracellular enviro for the neurons
-choroid plexus selects which substances it transports to ventricles

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12
Q

does plasma or CSF have a higher conc of K, H, Na, does the CSF contain protein or blood cells

A

-K is lower in CSF
-H is higher is CSF
-Na conc is similar
-v little protein and NO blood cells, presence of these indicates an infection

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13
Q

how many mL of CSF does the choroid plexus produce in a day

A

400-500mL

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14
Q

what does the choroid plexus consist of and what does it make

A

-made of pia matter, capillaries, endymal cells
-makes CSF

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15
Q

how many times a day is CSF recycled

A

3

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16
Q

how much of the blood supply does the CNS use (%)

A

15

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17
Q

how much oxygen and glucose (%) does the brain consume at rest, what does it rely on for energy

A

-20 for O and 50 for glucose
-relies on blood flow for energy

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18
Q

why does the brain depend on aerobic glycolysis, and what is it, what does it use during extreme conditions

A

-requires glucose and oxygen bc no glycogen stores
-ketones

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19
Q

what are capillaries the site of exchange b/w

A

blood and ISF

20
Q

what is the blood brain barrier

A

the way that the anatomy of CNS capillaries limits exchange

21
Q

what molecules can freely cross capillary walls, how to hydrophobic/philic and cells and proteins move across the endothelial cells

A

-small molecules (gases, inorg ions, monosachs, aa’s)
-phobic diffuse across membranes of endothelial cells
-philic diffuse through large pores b/w endothelial cells
-proteins and cells are actively transported via transcytosis

22
Q

does transcytosis occur across capillary endothelial cells in the CNS, what restricts movement of hydrophilic molecules across capillary walls, what is this barrier caused by

A

-no
-blood brain barrier
-barrier is due to presence of tight jxns b/w capillary endothelial cells which eliminate capillary pores

23
Q

does the CNS have more grey or white matter, what does grey matter do, why is white matter white

A

-white
-grey is site of synaptic communication and neural integration
-white due to myelin

24
Q

what are the 3 types of white matter fibre, what do they do, what what is the corpus callosum

A

-projection fibres: connect cerebral cortex w lower lvls of brain or spinal cord
-association fibres: connect two areas of cerebral cortex on same side of brain
-commissural fibres: connect same cortical regions on two sides of the brain
-callosum is the primary location of commissural fibres

25
Q

what is the spinal cord, what does it do, what is it surrounded by

A

-cylinder of nerve tissue, continuous w brain, origin of spinal nerves
-major communication pathway b/w the brain and the skin, joints, and muscles of body. contains neural networks for locomotion
-surrounded by vertebral column

26
Q

what are the two fxnal halves of grey matter, what types of tracts does white matter form, do spinal nerves contain afferent or efferent neurons

A

-dorsal for sensory fxns, ventral for motor fxns
-ascending and descending
-both

27
Q

what are the four ascending tracts, what are the three descending tracts

A

-dorsal colums, lateral spinothalamic tract, spinotectal tract, anterior spinothalamic tract
-lateral pyramidal tract, vestibulospinal tract, anterior pyramidal tract

28
Q

what does the dorsal column do, what do the pyramidal tracts do

A

-transmit sensory info to brain
-transmit motor commands to efferent neurons on both sides of spinal cord

29
Q

describe the pathway of an ascending tract

A

receptor to spinal cord to lateral spinothalamic tract to medulla oblongata to thalamus to somatosensory area of cerebral cortex

30
Q

describe the pathway of a descending tract

A

motor area of cerebral cortex to thalamus to medulla oblongata to pyramids to either lateral pyramidal tract or anterior pyramidal tract then both to spinal cord to skeletal muscle

31
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the brain

A

cerebral cortex
subcortical nuclei

32
Q

what are the three main parts of the brain

A

forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem

33
Q

how many hemispheres is the forebrain divided into

A

two: L and R

34
Q

what components does the forebrain consist of

A

-cerebrum which contains both grey and white matter (incl cerebral cortex and basal nuclei which are both grey)
-diencephalon which incl thalamus and hypothalamus

35
Q

what does the cerebellum consist of

A

outer cortex and inner nuclei

36
Q

what does the brainstem consist of, what does it do, what does each part do

A

-contains nuclei that regulate various fxns
-midbrain, pons, medulla
-midbrain for eye movement
-pons is a relay for info b/w cerebellum and cerebrum, coordinates breathing tgt w medulla
-medulla has nuclei that ctrl blood p, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

37
Q

what symmetry does the cerebellum have, what does it consist of, what are its fxns

A

-bilaterally symmetrical
-cortex and nuclei
-fxns incl motor coordination and balance and coordination of eye and body movements

38
Q

what connects the forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord, which parts connect where

A

-brainstem
-midbrain connects to forebrain, pons connects to cerebellum, medulla connects to spinal cord

39
Q

how many of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves are in the brainstem

A

10
-only olfactory and optic nerves emerge from cerebrum

40
Q

where is the reticular formation located, what is it for

A

-brainstem
-sleep and wake cycle

41
Q

what is the cerebral cortex, does it have grey or white matter, how is it the highest lvl of neural processing

A

-outermost portion of cerebrum
-thin convoluted layer of gray matter
-perception of enviro, forming ideas and actions, recalling past events, skeletal muscle movement, integrating centre to process sensory info

42
Q

define: gyri, sulci, layers, lobes in reference to cerebral cortex

A

-gyri: ridge/elevation on cerebral cortex
-sulci: groove/depression on surface of brain
-layers: cortex is made of 6 layers of cells
-lobes: cerebrum is split into lobes

43
Q

what are the 4 lobes that each cerebral hemisphere is divided into

A

-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

44
Q

what are the 5 fxnal areas of the cerebrum

A

-sensory
-visual
-auditory
-olfactory
-motor

45
Q

what are the four subcortical nuclei structures of the basal nuclei, what are they for

A

-globus pallidus for regulation of voluntary movement
-caudate integrates spatial info w forming motor behav
-putamen for motor planning and execution
-claustrum for sustained attention

46
Q

what are the fxns of the basal nuclei

A

-inhibit unwanted movements
-select purposeful movements
-posture support

An Sc 310 (7 decks)

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