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An Sc 310 > Lec 14 - Cardiovascular System & Cardiac Fxn > Flashcards

Lec 14 - Cardiovascular System & Cardiac Fxn Flashcards

1
Q

what kinds of substances does the cardiovasc system transport

A

-O2 and nutrients to cells
-waste removal from tissues to kidneys/liver
-hormones, immune cells, clotting proteins to target cells

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2
Q

how many chambers does the heart have

A

4

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3
Q

how many atria and ventricles are there

A

-2 atria
-2 ventricles

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4
Q

what are the two valve types of the heart

A

-atrioventricular
-semilunar

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5
Q

what is the interventricular septum

A

-triangle of tissue separating L and R ventricles

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6
Q

where are the base and apex of the heart

A

-base is top (widest)
-apex is bottom (smallest tip)

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7
Q

how does blood flow through the body

A

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart

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8
Q

what are arteries and arterioles

A

-arteries: lg, branching vessels that take blood away from heart
-arteriole: small branching w high resistance

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9
Q

what are capillaries

A

-site of exchange b/w blood and tissue

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10
Q

what are venules and veins

A

-venules: small converging vessels
-veins: lg converging vessels that conduct blood to heart

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11
Q

is the cardiovasc system open or closed

A

closed

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12
Q

what are erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma, what do they do

A

-erythrocytes: RBC, transport O2 and CO2
-leukocytes: WBC, defend against pathogens
-platelets: cell fragments, for blood clotting
-plasma: fluid, solutes

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13
Q

which side of the heart supplies the pulmonary circuit, where does it carry blood to and from

A

-right
-from heart to lungs and lungs to heart

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14
Q

which side of the heart supplies the systemic circuit, where does it carry blood to and from

A

-left
-from heart to systemic tissues and from tissues to heart

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15
Q

how does blood get oxygenated, which capillaries are involved

A

-pulmonary
-blood entering lungs is deoxygenated, O2 diffuses from tissue to blood, blood leaving lungs is now oxygenated

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16
Q

how does blood oxygenate tissues, what capillaries are involved

A

-systemic
-blood entering tissues is oxygenated, O2 diffuses from blood to tissue, blood leaving tissue is now deoxygenated

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17
Q

how does blood flow through the heart

A

left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic circuit -> venae cavae -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary circuit -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle

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18
Q

what does parallel flow allow, what is it

A

-independent regulation of blood flow to organs
-aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries
-then blood enters each capillary bed
-capillaries -> venules -> veins

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19
Q

what is the diff b/w parallel flow and system circuit

A

-parallel: arteries branch off the aorta and reach one organ at a time, otherwise last organ will have no nutrients or O2
-circuit: blood does not flow from one organ to next

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20
Q

what are the two adv of parallel flow

A
  1. each organ fed by separate artery and receives directly oxygenated blood
  2. blood flow to organs can be independently regulated
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21
Q

where is the heart located, what is the diaphragm

A

-thoracic cavity
-diaphragm separates abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity

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22
Q

what is the pericardium, what does it o

A

-membranous sac around heart
-lubricates heart to minimize friction

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23
Q

what is pericarditis, how do cows get it

A

-inflammation of pericardium
-when they swallow nails or wire

24
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall

A

-endocardium: inner layer of endothelial cells
-myocardium: middle layer of cardiac muscle
-epicardium: outer layer of external membrane

25
Q

why is the left ventricle muscle thicker than right

A

-left pumps blood to whole systemic circuit which is longer than the right which only goes to lungs

26
Q

describe the cells of cardiac muscle, does cardiac muscle have striation

A

-smaller than cells of skeletal muscle, have branching
-yes

27
Q

what two things do the intercalated disks contain

A

-gap jxns which cause heart to contract as a unit
-desmosomes which resist stress

28
Q

what are the atria and ventricles separated by

A

fibrous skeleton (tissue) which anchors the heart valves

29
Q

does cardiac muscle require oxygen

A

-yes, aerobic muscle

30
Q

how do cardiac cells grow after infancy

A

-hypertrophy NOT cell division

31
Q

what is the fxn of 99% of cardiac cells, what do the other 1% do

A

-99: contractile
-other 1: autorhythmic (set pace)

32
Q

what two things generate the heart pumping action

A

-rhythmic contraction and relaxation
-contraction: pushes blood out of heart to vasculature
-relaxation: allows heart to fill w blood

33
Q

what is a heartbeat, what happens during it

A

-wave of contraction through cardiac muscle
-atria contract as a unit, ventricles contract as a unit
-atrial contraction happens before ventricle contraction

34
Q

what is the normal direction of blood flow b/w atria and ventricles, what drives blood flow

A

-atria -> ventricles, then ventricles -> arteries
-pressure

35
Q

what prevents the backwards flow of blood, how

A

-valves
-open passively based on pressure gradient

36
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves

A

-right AV valve = tricuspid
-left AV = bicuspid/mitral

37
Q

what keeps the AV valves from turning outward

A

-papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
-when ventricles contract the pressure pushes the atriovent valves closed, but the palpillary muscle also contracts which tightens chordae and prevents the valve from being pushed into atria

38
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

-aortic and pulmonary valve

39
Q

what is autorhythmicity

A

-ability to generate own rhythm
-cardiac muscle is able to generate its own AP via autorhythmic cells

40
Q

what do autorhythmic cells do

A

provide a pathway for spreading excitation through heart

41
Q

what are the two types of autorhythmic cells, what do they do

A

-pacemaker cells: spont depol membrane potentials to generate APs and provide rhythm to heartbeat
-conduction fibres: conduct APs initiated by pacemaker cells to myocardium, conduction velocity is 4m/sec

42
Q

what are the pacemaker cells of the myocardium

A

-sinoatrial node
-atrioventricular node

43
Q

what are the conduction fibres of the myocardium

A

-internodal pathways
-bundle of his
-bundle branches
-purkinje fibres
-interatrial pathways (bachmann’s bundle)

44
Q

which cells set the rate of APs for the rest of the heart, what links cardiac cells

A

-pacemaker
-gap jxns

45
Q

what are intercalated disks

A

-jxns b/w adjacent myocardial cells
-contain desmosomes to resist mech stress
-contains gap jxns for electrical coupling

46
Q

what is the interatrial pathway

A

SA node -> right atrium -> left atrium
-rapid conduction
-simultaneous contraction of R and L atria

47
Q

what is the internodal pathway

A

SA node -> AV node

48
Q

what is AV node transmission

A

-only pathway from atria to ventricles
-slow conduction
-atria contract before ventricles

49
Q

how does ventricular excitation occur

A

-down bundle of his
-to R and L bundle branches
-up purkinje fibres which contact ventricle contractile cells
-ventricle contracts from apex up

50
Q

describe the steps of depol (5)

A
  1. SA node depol
  2. electrical activity goes rapidly to AV node through internodal pathways
  3. depol spreads slowly across atria, conduction moves slowly through AV node
  4. depol moves rapidly through ventricular conducting system to apex
  5. depol wave spreads upward from apex
51
Q

what are pacemaker potentials, what two channels open

A

-potentials of autorhythmic cells, spont depol caused by closing K+ channels and opening two types of channels
-If (funny channels): Na in exceeds K out, net depol
-Ca 2+ channels (T type): further depol occurs

52
Q

what happens during depol and repol

A

-depol: open fast Ca2+ (L type) channels, AP generated
-repol: open K slow channels

53
Q

what are the 5 phases of a contractile cell AP

A

Phase 0: increased permeability to Na (depol)
Phase 1: decreased permeability to Na (initial repol)
Phase 2: increased permeability to Ca, decreased to K (plateau)
Phase 3: increased permeability to K, decreased to Ca (rapid repol)
Phase 4: resting membrane potential

54
Q

how long is an AP in cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle

A

250-300 msec, where in skeletal muscle it’s only 1-2 msec

55
Q

what are the steps of excitation contraction coupling

A
  1. depol of contractile cell to threshold via gap jxn
  2. open Ca channels in plasma membrane
  3. AP travels down T tubules
  4. Ca released from sarcoplasmic reticulum by Ca induced release and APs in T tubules
  5. Ca binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin
  6. binding sites for myosin are exposed
  7. cross bridge cycle occurs
56
Q

how do cardiac muscles relax

A

-Ca removed from cytosol via Ca ATP ase in SR or plasma membrane, and Na-Ca exchanger in plasma membrane
-troponin and tropomyosin return to position covering myosin binding sites on actin

An Sc 310 (7 decks)

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