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Psychology 101 > Lec 8: Attention and Memory > Flashcards

Lec 8: Attention and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Change blindness

A

a failure to notice large changes in one’s environment

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2
Q

attention

A

the granting of priority of processing to a particular location, item, or thought

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3
Q

filter theory

A

attention is selective, boosting relevant info and rejecting irrelevant info

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4
Q

selective attention

A

one’s ability to track items rapidly fall apart the more there are to monitor

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5
Q

memory

A

the nervous system’s capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

a memory system that BRIEFLY stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form

a light, sound, an odor, taste leaves a vanishing trace on the nervous system

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7
Q

short term memory

A

memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of info in awareness

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8
Q

working memory

A

an active processing system that keeps different types of info available for current use ie sounds, images, ideas

information remains in working memory for about 20-30 seconds unless you prevent it from disappearing by thinking about or rehearsing the info

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9
Q

memory span

A

the amount of info held in working memory

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10
Q

chunking

A

organizing info into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

ex: 3104983325 is easier to remember as 310-498-3325

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11
Q

long term memory

A

a relatively permanent, limitless storage

nursery rhymes, what you had for lunch the previous day

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12
Q

long term memory vs working memory

A

long term memory has longer duration and a far greater capacity

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13
Q

serial position effect

A

ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle

list of words
words in the beginning and end are better remembered than the ones in the middle

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14
Q

primacy effect

A

people have a good memory for items at the beginning of a list

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15
Q

recency effect

A

people also have a good memory for items at the end of a list

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16
Q

levels of processing model

A

the more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has, and the better it is remembered

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17
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating the item over and over

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18
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

encodes the info in more meaningful ways

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19
Q

The more an item is elaborated at the time of storage

A

the richer the later

memory will be because more connections can serve as retrieval cues

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20
Q

schemas

A

cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use info

decisions about how to chunk info depend on schemas

prior knowledge and culture shapes our schemas and can lead to biased encoding, influencing memory

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21
Q

associative networks

A

organized by category and structured in a hierarchy

provide a blueprint for where to find info

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22
Q

spreading activation models

A

Stimuli in working memory activate specific nodes in long-term memory,
making retrieval easier.

Activation of a node spreads throughout its network,
enhancing memory of related items

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23
Q

retrieval cue

A

anything that helps a person or an animal recall info stored in long term memory

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24
Q

memory may be enhanced by

A

Context-dependent memory
when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

state-dependent memory
when a person’s internal states match during encoding and recall

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25
Q

two types of long term memory

A

explicit memory (declarative)

implicit memory

26
Q

explicit memory

A

system underlying conscious memories, recalled as facts or memories

27
Q

implicit memory

A

system underlying unconscious memories

memories that exist w/o our awareness of them and don’t require conscious attention

28
Q

episodic memory

A

type of explicit memory

memory for one’s personal past experiences, often a narrative

ex: remembering parts about your 16th birthday

29
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memory

memory for knowledge about the world

ex: knowing what Jell-O is

30
Q

evidence that episodic and semantic systems of explicit memory are separate

A

in cases of brain injury in which semantic memory is intact even though episodic memory is impaired

31
Q

procedural memory

A

implicit memory

involved motor skills, habits, and other behaviors employed to achieve goals

ex: coordinating muscle movements to ride a bike or how to tie shoes

so unconscious that consciously thinking about automatic behaviors can interfere with the smooth production of those behaviors

32
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to retrieve memory from long term storage

33
Q

amnesia

A

a deficit in long term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma

34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories (HM)

35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve past memories such as events, facts, people, personal info

36
Q

ribot’s law

A

has to do with retrograde amnesia

recent memories are most prone, bc they have the weakest neural representation

37
Q

7 sins of memory

A 
transience
blocking
absentmindedness
persistence
misattribution
bias
suggestability
38
Q

transience

A

deterioration of quality of memory over time

ex: right after a movie, you can recall many details, but eventually you might forget the entire plot of a movie

39
Q

transience is caused by

A

interference

40
Q

proactive interference

A

when prior info inhibits the ability to remember new info

ex: moving to a new city but you keep writing down your old zip code

41
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new info inhibits the ability to remember old info

ex: after a while, you forget your old zip code

42
Q

blocking

A

temporary inability to retrieve specific info

often occurs bc of interference from words that are similar in some way

ex: tip of the tongue

43
Q

absentmindedness

A

caused by shallow encoding (not a lot of attention) which occurs when ppl fail to pay sufficient attention

multi-tasking can often lead to absentmindedness

during most of our day we are consciously aware of only a small portion of both our thoughts and behaviors

44
Q

persistence

A

recurrence of unwanted memories

PTSD

emotional events are associated with amygdala activity

45
Q

misattribution

A

memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

46
Q

false fame effect

A

effect that causes people to mistakenly believe that someone is famous simply bc they have encountered the person’s name before

47
Q

sleeper effect

A

an argument initially is not very persuasive bc it comes from a questionable source, but becomes more persuasive over time

48
Q

cryptomnesia

A

type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea but has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

can lead to plagiarism

kiran thinking he came up with “they’re playing basketball”

49
Q

Bias

A

changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

individuals tend to remember events as casting them in prominent or favorable roles

50
Q

suggestability

A

the development of biased memories from misleading info

people can “remember” seeing nonexistent objects

different wordings of questions altered the participants’ memories of the event

51
Q

lost in the mall

A

25% of people failed to recognize a false memory

52
Q

confabulation

A

unintended false recollection of episodic memories

honest lying

53
Q

flashbulb memories

A

vivid episodic memories in which people first learned of a surprising, emotionally arousing event

ex: 9/11

can be biased and inaccurate

54
Q

engram

A

the physical site of memory storage; the place where memory lives

55
Q

equipotentiality

A

the idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than confined to any specific location

56
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

working memory

57
Q

temporal lobe

A

declarative memory

58
Q

amygdala

A

fear learning

59
Q

hippocampus

A

spatial memory

60
Q

cerebellum

A

motor action learning and memory

61
Q

remembering something seen or heard involves

A

reactivating the cortical circuits involved in the initial seeing or hearing

Psychology 101 (8 decks)

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