Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

in interacting with others,

Answer 1

we use emotional expressions as powerful nonverbal communications

Question 2

humans’ evolutionary need to belong to social groups

Answer 2

survival was enhanced for those who lived in groups; those who were
expelled would have been less likely to survive and pass along their genes

Question 3

emotion

Answer 3

A strong feeling. Typically interrupt whatever is

happening, or trigger changes in thought and behavior

Question 4

mood

Answer 4

A diffuse, longer-lasting state of mind or feeling.
Rather than interrupting what is happening, they
influence thought and behavior.

Question 5

primary emotions

Answer 5

Emotions that are evolutionarily
adaptive, shared across cultures, and
associated with specific physical states.

ex: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness

Question 6

Secondary emotions

Answer 6

blends of primary emotions: remorse, guilt, submission, anticipation

Question 7

circumplex map

Answer 7

one proposed mapping of emotions, with 2 dimesions of affect: valence and activation

Question 8

valence

Answer 8

how positive or negative an emotion is

qualitative metric

Question 9

activation (arousal)

Answer 9

physiolgical activation (increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses (increased heart rate, sweating, muscle tension)

quantitative metric

Question 10

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 10

a person’s interpretation of the physical changes in a situation leads that person to feel an emotion

ex: when a grizzly bear threatens you, you start to sweat, experience a pounding hear, and run. these responses generate the emotion of fear

Question 11

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 11

implication of the James-Lange Theory

if you mold your facial muscles to mimic an emotional state, you activate that emotion, even if its forced

proposes that facial expressions trigger the experience of emotions, not the other way around,

Question 12

evidence against the James-Lange Theory

Answer 12

little difference in the physiological responses associated with different emotions, such as anger, fear, and sorrow

Question 13

Cannon-bard theory

Answer 13

proposes that the mind and body experience emotions independently

the info form an emotion-producing stimulus is processed in subcortial structures so we experience two separate things at roughly the same time: an emotion and a physical reaction

ex: when a grizzly bear threatens you, you experience the physical reaction of arousal (heart pounding, trembling) and the emotion of fear

Question 14

prefrontal cortex

Answer 14

right and left prefrontal cortices are associated with neg and pos affect aka cerebral asymmetry

people also can be dominant in one hemisphere of their frontal lobes and that dominant hemisphere can bias their emotions

Question 15

amygdala

Answer 15

a subcortical structure that processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions

brain structure most important for emotional learning (cc)

Question 16

damage to the amyygdala

Answer 16

some people still show fear when confronted with dangerous objects, but they do not develop conditioned fear responses to objects associated with dangerous objects

ex: study participants receive an electric shock each time they see a picture of a blue square.

usually, the participant will develop a CR to the blue square, but people with amygdala damage do not show classical conditioning to the blue square

Question 17

two pathway theory

Answer 17

Some theories posit that that when sensory information reaches the
thalamus, it can take two paths.

The fast path and the slow path enable us
to assess and respond to emotion-producing stimuli in different ways.

Question 18

evidence against cannon board theory

Answer 18

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the
information from an emotion-producing stimulus is
processed in subcortical structures.

This assumes that the amygdala is capable of processing
visual information, (along the ‘fast path’) all on its own

By suggesting that the ‘Fast Path’ component of the
subcortical model directly feeds visual information
to the Amygdala, it ignores the complexity involved
in the processing of inputs.

As we learned, transforming sensation into a
meaningful percept involves a huge chunk of cortex
to carry out.

Question 19

2 factor theory

Answer 19

A situation evokes a physiological response and an emotion label

whatever the person believes caused the emotion will determine how the person labels the emotion

a person experiences physiological changes, applies a cognitive label to explain those changes and translates that label into an emotion

ex: a grizzly bear approaches you, you then experience arousal (heart pounds, trembles), you apply a cognitive label (“That is a scary bear. Im afraid of it!), then you label your emotion, which would be fear

Question 20

prediction of the two factor theory

Answer 20

physical states caused by a situation can be attributed to the wrong emotion

Question 21

misattribution of arousal

Answer 21

when people misidentify the source of their arousal

Question 22

need

Answer 22

a state of biological or social deficiency. needs lead to goal-directed behaviors

Question 23

need hierarchy

Answer 23

arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

Question 24

needs pyramid

Answer 24

1) physiological needs (hunger, thirst)
2) safety
3) belonging and love
4) esteem
5) self actualization (living to full potential)

Question 25

self actualization

Answer 25

occurs when someone achieves his or her personal dreams and aspirations

Question 26

drive

Answer 26

a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates one to satisfy needs

ex: biological needs like thirst or hunger, basic drives help animals maintain equilibrium

when an animal is deprived of some need, a drive increases in proportion to the amount of deprivation

Question 27

homeostasis

Answer 27

the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

Question 28

drive underlying behavior can come from

Answer 28

internal or external forces

Question 29

intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

Motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with
that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

ex: painting for fun

Question 30

extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

Motivation to perform an activity in order to achieve external rewards

ex: painting for a paycheck

Question 31

extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation

Answer 31

Kids were given markers to play with, which started as Intrinsically Enjoyable

One group was given a reward for playing with markers.
Later on, the kids who received the reward no longer
had interest in marker playing w/o a reward.

why would they play with the pens for free when they were used to being paid

Question 32

self-regulation

Answer 32

The process by which people change their behavior to attain personal goals

ex: Children able to delay gratification at
age 4 were rated 10 years later as
being more socially competent and
better able to handle frustration.

A followup study actually showed that
the ‘self regulators’ in the originator
went on to have higher SAT scores

Question 33

challenge in self regulation

Answer 33

postponing immediate

gratification in the pursuit of long-term goals

Question 34

hot cognitions to cold cognitions

Answer 34

mentally transforming the desired object into something undesired

hot=rewarding aspects of desired objects

cold= symbolic meanings

ex: kids imagined a marshmallow as clouds or a pretzel as a log

Question 35

hypothalamus

Answer 35

organizes eating behaviors

monitors various hormones and nutrients and operates to maintain a state of homeostasis

brain region considered most important for stimulating sexual behavior

Question 36

damage to the hypothalamus

Answer 36

alters eating behavior and body weight

ventromedial region: eat far more than normal: leads to obesity

lateral region: eat far less than normal: leads to weight loss and death unless force fed

Question 37

Ghrelin

Answer 37

hunger hormone

originates in the stomach; surges before meals, then decreases after people eat; plays an important role in triggering eating

Question 38

leptin (satiation hormone)

Answer 38

released from fat cells as more fat is stored and travels to the hypothalamus, where it acts to inhibit eating behavior

Question 39

Males have a greater quantity of

Answer 39

androgens

Question 40

females have a greater quantity of

Answer 40

estrogens and progesterone

Question 41

males need a certain amount of (Blank) to be able to engage in sex

Answer 41

testosterone

Question 42

the more testosterone women have,

Answer 42

the more likely they are to have

sexual thoughts and desires (higher sex drive).

Question 43

menstrual cycle

Answer 43

in women, the release of hormones varies according to a cycle that repeats itself approx every 28 days: the menstrual cycle

Question 44

sexual strategies theory

Answer 44

women are more cautious about having sex bc having offspring is a much more intensive commitment for them than it is for men