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ANP 1115 Midterm 2 > Lec 8 > Flashcards

Lec 8 Flashcards

1
Q

HWhat type of membrane is the respiratory membrane?

A

Air-blood

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2
Q

What are type 1 respiratory cells?

A

squamous epithelial cells that provide a barrier between air and capillary walls

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3
Q

What are type 2 respiratory cells?

A

They are scattered in the type 1 cells and secrete surfactant

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4
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of type 2 respiratory cells?

A
  1. They are surrounded by elastic fibers
  2. They have alveolar pores that allow for equalization of air pressure and alternate pathways in case of bronchi collapse
  3. There are alveolar macrophages
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5
Q

What cavity are the lungs suspended in?

A

The pleural cavity

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6
Q

What is the costal surface of the lungs?

A

The surface in contact with the ribs

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7
Q

Where do blood vessels, nerves, bronchi, and lymph vessels enter and leave the lung?

A

The apex, base, and hilum of the lung

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8
Q

SLIDE 4 cardiac notch

A
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9
Q

What creates lung lobes? What is their orientation?

A

Lung fissures are oblique in the both lungs and horizontal in the right

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10
Q

What do septa in the lungs divide the lung into?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments (roughly 10)

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11
Q

What is the smallest subdivision of the lung visible to the eye? What is it served by?

A

It is the lobule, a hexagon the size of a pencil eraser that is served by a large bronchiole

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12
Q

Where is the pleural cavity?

A

Between the chest wall and the lungs

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the pleurae?

A

The parietal and visceral

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14
Q

What fluid is secreted in the pleura? What is its purpose?

A

Pleural fluid helps lungs slide easily while breathing, and surface tension keeps pleurae from separating

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15
Q

What are the three chambers of the pleurae?

A

The mediastinum and 2 lateral pleural compartments

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16
Q

What is the inflammation of the pleural membranes called?

A

Pleurisy

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17
Q

How do we describe respiratory pressures?

A

relative to atmospheric pressures

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18
Q

What are the three respiratory pressures?

A

Intrapleural, intrapulmonary and transpulmonary

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19
Q

How do the three respiratory pressures relate?

A

Transpulmonary = intrapulmonary - intrapleural

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20
Q

What is the usual value of the intrapleural pressure?

A

4mm Hg

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21
Q

Why is transpulmonary pressure a value?

A

transpulmonary pressure keeps the lungs inflated

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22
Q

Why is intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure?

A

To keep the lungs inflated

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23
Q

What are the three factors that help keep negative intrapleural pressure?

A
  1. Natural tendency of lungs
  2. Surface tension of alveolar fluid
  3. Elasticity of chest wall (opposing)
24
Q

Why is it important that the lungs are in separate pulmonary cavities?

A

If one collapses the other is ok

25
Q

What happens in quiet inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts, external intercostals contract, the cavity increases in height, there is a volume increase of about 0.5L, and a drop of about 1 mm Hg

26
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure during quiet inspiration?

A

roughly -6mm Hg from intrapulmonary

27
Q

What happens in quiet expiration?

A

Inspiratory muscles relax and the ribcage falls/lungs recoil.

28
Q

What does the intrapulmonary pressure change to during quiet expiration?

A

1mm Hg + atmospheric

29
Q

How is forced inspiration and expiration different from quiet?

A

In forced inspiration, accessory muscles are activated to raise the ribs more, and in forced expiration, internal intercostal muscles as well as abdominals are activated

30
Q

What are the three factors that influence airway resistance?

A
  1. Airway resistance
  2. Alveolar surface tension
  3. Lung Compliance
31
Q

What is airway resistance controlled by?

A

The diameters of the conducting tubes

32
Q

Why is there little airway resistance at smaller diameters?

A

As diameter decreases, number of branches increases. Also, at terminal bronchioles, there is diffusion and therefore no air flow.

33
Q

What are the neural influences on airway resistance?

A

Parasympathetic ns like histamines can constrict airway, sympathetic ns dilates airways

34
Q

What diseases can influence airway resistance

A

Mucus, tumors, etc

35
Q

What is the issue with pulmonary alveoli having water? How is this combatted?

A

The surface tension of only alveolar water would collapse them, but surfactant (a lipoprotein) reduces the surface tension

36
Q

What is IRDS?

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs when infants don’t produce enough surfactant and can’t inflate alveoli

37
Q

What is the formula for lung compliance? What does this mean?

A

(Change in lung volume / change in lung pressure ) how much do the lungs move when pressure change?

38
Q

What factors influence lung compliance?

A

Distensibility of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension

39
Q

What is lung compliance diminished by?

A

Reduction of the resilience of lungs, increase of alveolar surface tension, impairment of flexibility of thoracic cage

40
Q

What are the 4 respiratory volumes?

A
  1. Tidal volume (500ml) quiet breathing
  2. Inspiratory reserve volume, volume forcefully inspired
  3. Expiratory reserve volume, volume forcefully expired
  4. Residual volume (1200ml) remains in lungs after forceful expiration
41
Q

What are the 4 respiratory capacities?

A
  1. Inspiratory capacity (air inspired including tidal inspiration)
  2. Functional residual capacity (volume of air in lungs after tidal expiration)
  3. Vital capacity (all exchangeable air)
  4. Total lung capacity (all air)
42
Q

What do we call the air in the passageways and doesn’t participate in gas exchange?

A

Dead space

43
Q

What is the average composition of tidal volume and its components?

A

500mL tidal volume = 150ml dead space + 350mL alveolar ventilation

44
Q

What is AVR? (ml/min)

A

Alveolar ventilation rate = frequency of breath * (Volume - dead space)

45
Q

What is a healthy AVR?

A

12*(500-150) = 4200ml/min

46
Q

Why is slow breathing better than shallow/fast?

A

There is a higher multiplier on the dead space value

47
Q

What are 4 non-respiratory air movements and causes?

A

Hiccups = irritation of phrenic nerve and air hitting glottis folds, yawns = deep inspiration that ventilates all alveoli
cough = blast of air to clear respiratory tract
sneezes = cough forced through nasal pathway

48
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

All individual pressures sum to total pressure

49
Q

How is alveolar gas different than atmospheric gas? Why?

A

More CO2 and H20, less O2, due to gas exchange with blood and humidification

50
Q

What three factors influence the exchange of carbon and oxygen at the lung level?

A
  1. PP gradients and gas solubility
  2. Structural characteristics of membrane
  3. Ventilation/perfusion coupling
51
Q

What is the O2 PP gradient in the lungs?

A

roughly 104mm Hg to 40mm Hg

52
Q

What is the CO2 PP gradient in the lungs?

A

Roughly 45 to 40 mm Hg

53
Q

What are the two characteristics of respiratory membrane that effect the gas exchange? What are some general standard values?

A

Thickness (0.5-1um)/Surface area (140m^2)

54
Q

Describe ventilation perfusion coupling

A

It is a system that couples blood flow to the lungs with gas amount to ensure the capillaries have the correct amount of blood flow

55
Q

What are the two directions of ventilation perfusion coupling?

A

Where PO2 gas is low, blood vessels will constrict and blood will move to more gassy areas (arteriole). Where there is PCO2 in the alveolus, bronchioles will dilate

56
Q

In internal respiration, which direction do gases move?

A

If the O2 PP is less than the blood, it will take O2, and CO2 will be expelled if PP is higher than blood

ANP 1115 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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