Lec 7

Question 1

SLIDE 1

Question 2

Describe the concept of immunological memory

Answer 2

A secondary immune response is faster and larger than the primary immune response to the same antigen

Question 3

What are the 4 types of humoral immunity? Give examples

Answer 3

1. Active naturally acquired, exposure to antigens
2. active passively acquired, vaccine
3. passive naturally acquired, antigens from mother
4. Passive passively acquired, injection of antigens

Question 4

What kind of immunity establishes immunological memory?

Answer 4

Active humoral immunity

Question 5

What is the role of antibodies?

Answer 5

They tag cells so killing cells come and get them

Question 6

What cells play a role in cell mediated immune response?

Answer 6

T-cells

Question 7

What are the three types of T cells and their functions?

Answer 7

CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells): attack and kill other cells
CD4 cells (helper T cells): stimulate proliferation and activity of plasma cells
Regulatory T cells are a subset of CD4 cells and wind down the immune response

Question 8

SIDE 8

Question 9

SLIDE 9

Question 10

What is the major role of monocytes?

Answer 10

It engulfs foreign particles and presents fragments of antigens to be recognized by T cells

Question 11

What do monocytes secrete?

Answer 11

proteins that activate T cells

Question 12

What does the effectiveness of the immune system depend on?

Answer 12

1. The ability to recognize foreign antigens
2. The ability to communicate with one another so the whole organism mounts a response

Question 13

Slide 11

Question 14

SLides 12-14

Question 15

What are the 2 major operations of the respiratory system?

Answer 15

1. Pulmonary Ventilation
2. External Respiration

Question 16

What composes the respiratory zone? (site of gas exchange)

Answer 16

bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts

Question 17

What composes the conducting zone?

Answer 17

nose, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal brochioles

Question 18

What is the purpose of the conducting zone?

Answer 18

They provide a passageway for air, but they also cleanse, humidify, and warm air

Question 19

What are the 5 functions of the nose?

Answer 19

1. Airway for respiration
2. Moistens and warms air
3. Filters and cleans air
4. resonating chamber for speech
5. Olfactory receptors

Question 20

What determines the structure of the external nose?

Answer 20

Cartilege

Question 21

What glands are contained on the lateral and dorsal aspects of the nose?

Answer 21

Sebaceous glands

Question 22

What are nostrils called?

Answer 22

External nares

Question 23

What is the name of the piece of cartilage dividing the left and right sides of the nostril?

Answer 23

The nasal septum

Question 24

Where does air go straight after the internal nares?

Answer 24

The nasopharynx

Question 25

What is the name for nose hairs?

Answer 25

Vibrissae

Question 26

What are the two types of nasal mucosa?

Answer 26

Olfactory and respiratory

Question 27

What types of cells create the respiratory mucosa linine?

Answer 27

Stratified ciliated columnar

Question 28

What immune system proponent does nasal mucosa contain?

Answer 28

lysozome

Question 29

Why does cold air make the nose runny?

Answer 29

Cold air slows the cilia that move mucus posteriorly

Question 30

slide 20 ROLES

Question 31

What reflex is triggered by the nerves in the nasal mucosa?

Answer 31

Sneezing

Question 32

What are the 4 bones/sinuses in the face? (superior to inferior)

Answer 32

Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoid, Maxillary

Question 33

What is a sinus headache?

Answer 33

Sinus pathways are blocked, creating a vacuum in a sinus

Question 34

How long is the pharynx?

Answer 34

Roughly 13cm

Question 35

What happens in the nasopharynx?

Answer 35

Air passageway, pharyngeal tonsils location, pharyngotympanic tubes empty

Question 36

NASOPHARYNX/SWALLOWING

Question 37

What type of cells are in the nasopharynx

Answer 37

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 38

Name the three subsections of pharynx from superior to inferior

Answer 38

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 39

What connects the oral cavity with the oropharynx?

Answer 39

The isthmus of the fauces

Question 40

What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

Answer 40

Paired palatine tonsils as well as a single lingual tonsil

Question 41

SLIDE 23 stratified squamous epithelium why

Question 42

What bone does the larynx attach to?

Answer 42

The hyoid bone above

Question 43

What are the three functions of the larynx?

Answer 43

1. Open two directional airway 2. Switching food vs air 3. voice production

Question 44

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

Answer 44

9

Question 45

What are the two subdivisions of cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 45

Thyroid cartilage (large superior) and cricoid cartilage below

Question 46

What two lateral pyramid shaped cartilages anchor vocal cords?

Answer 46

arytenoid cartilages

Question 47

What is the 9th cartilage in the larynx? What is its function?

Answer 47

The epiglottis closes the respiratory tract during swallowing

Question 48

What do the true vocal cords do? What do they surround?

Answer 48

They are white and vibrate in response to air movement, which opens and closes the glottis (opening).

Question 49

SLIDE 25 false vocal cords

Question 50

What cartilages play a role in speech?

Answer 50

The arytenoid cartilages

Question 51

SLIDE 26 MALE PUBERTY

Question 52

What determines the loudness of voice?

Answer 52

The force of air over the vocal cords

Question 53

What is laryngitis?

Answer 53

Inflammation of the vocal cords

Question 54

SLIDE 26 valsalva /Heimlich

Question 55

What are the rough dimensions of the trachea?

Answer 55

10-12cm long 2.5cm diameter

Question 56

Where do cilia move mucus in the trachea?

Answer 56

Up to the pharynx

Question 57

What does smoking do to the trachea?

Answer 57

It inhibits and destroys tracheal cilia, which means mucus has to be cleared by coughing

Question 58

What is submucosa made of in the trachea?

Answer 58

CT with seromucous glands

Question 59

What shape are the cartilage pieces in the trachea that hold up against air pressure?

Answer 59

C shaped

Question 60

Which bronchus is wider and shorter?

Answer 60

The right

Question 61

How many orders of branching are there in the bronchi

Answer 61

roughly 23

Question 62

What terms describe the branching of the bronchi?

Answer 62

Bronchial or respiratory tree

Question 63

What is the size of a bronchiole and terminal bronchiole?

Answer 63

Bronchiole = 1mm Terminal = 0.5mm

Question 64

How do bronchi change as they become terminal bronchioles?

Answer 64

cartilage goes from rings to plates to none epithelium goes from pseudostratified columnar to columnar to cuboidal Smooth muscle becomes relatively less sizeable

Question 65

What do terminal bronchioles separate into?

Answer 65

Respiratory bronchioles