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ANP 1115 Midterm 2 > Lec 7 > Flashcards

Lec 7 Flashcards

1
Q

SLIDE 1

A
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2
Q

Describe the concept of immunological memory

A

A secondary immune response is faster and larger than the primary immune response to the same antigen

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of humoral immunity? Give examples

A
  1. Active naturally acquired, exposure to antigens
  2. active passively acquired, vaccine
  3. passive naturally acquired, antigens from mother
  4. Passive passively acquired, injection of antigens
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4
Q

What kind of immunity establishes immunological memory?

A

Active humoral immunity

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5
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

They tag cells so killing cells come and get them

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6
Q

What cells play a role in cell mediated immune response?

A

T-cells

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7
Q

What are the three types of T cells and their functions?

A

CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells): attack and kill other cells
CD4 cells (helper T cells): stimulate proliferation and activity of plasma cells
Regulatory T cells are a subset of CD4 cells and wind down the immune response

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8
Q

SIDE 8

A
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9
Q

SLIDE 9

A
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10
Q

What is the major role of monocytes?

A

It engulfs foreign particles and presents fragments of antigens to be recognized by T cells

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11
Q

What do monocytes secrete?

A

proteins that activate T cells

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12
Q

What does the effectiveness of the immune system depend on?

A
  1. The ability to recognize foreign antigens
  2. The ability to communicate with one another so the whole organism mounts a response
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13
Q

Slide 11

A
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14
Q

SLides 12-14

A
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15
Q

What are the 2 major operations of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
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16
Q

What composes the respiratory zone? (site of gas exchange)

A

bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts

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17
Q

What composes the conducting zone?

A

nose, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal brochioles

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting zone?

A

They provide a passageway for air, but they also cleanse, humidify, and warm air

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19
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nose?

A
  1. Airway for respiration
  2. Moistens and warms air
  3. Filters and cleans air
  4. resonating chamber for speech
  5. Olfactory receptors
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20
Q

What determines the structure of the external nose?

A

Cartilege

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21
Q

What glands are contained on the lateral and dorsal aspects of the nose?

A

Sebaceous glands

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22
Q

What are nostrils called?

A

External nares

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23
Q

What is the name of the piece of cartilage dividing the left and right sides of the nostril?

A

The nasal septum

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24
Q

Where does air go straight after the internal nares?

A

The nasopharynx

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25
Q

What is the name for nose hairs?

A

Vibrissae

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26
Q

What are the two types of nasal mucosa?

A

Olfactory and respiratory

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27
Q

What types of cells create the respiratory mucosa linine?

A

Stratified ciliated columnar

28
Q

What immune system proponent does nasal mucosa contain?

A

lysozome

29
Q

Why does cold air make the nose runny?

A

Cold air slows the cilia that move mucus posteriorly

30
Q

slide 20 ROLES

A
31
Q

What reflex is triggered by the nerves in the nasal mucosa?

A

Sneezing

32
Q

What are the 4 bones/sinuses in the face? (superior to inferior)

A

Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoid, Maxillary

33
Q

What is a sinus headache?

A

Sinus pathways are blocked, creating a vacuum in a sinus

34
Q

How long is the pharynx?

A

Roughly 13cm

35
Q

What happens in the nasopharynx?

A

Air passageway, pharyngeal tonsils location, pharyngotympanic tubes empty

36
Q

NASOPHARYNX/SWALLOWING

A
37
Q

What type of cells are in the nasopharynx

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

38
Q

Name the three subsections of pharynx from superior to inferior

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

39
Q

What connects the oral cavity with the oropharynx?

A

The isthmus of the fauces

40
Q

What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

A

Paired palatine tonsils as well as a single lingual tonsil

41
Q

SLIDE 23 stratified squamous epithelium why

A
42
Q

What bone does the larynx attach to?

A

The hyoid bone above

43
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Open two directional airway
  2. Switching food vs air
  3. voice production
44
Q

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

A

9

45
Q

What are the two subdivisions of cartilage in the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage (large superior) and cricoid cartilage below

46
Q

What two lateral pyramid shaped cartilages anchor vocal cords?

A

arytenoid cartilages

47
Q

What is the 9th cartilage in the larynx? What is its function?

A

The epiglottis closes the respiratory tract during swallowing

48
Q

What do the true vocal cords do? What do they surround?

A

They are white and vibrate in response to air movement, which opens and closes the glottis (opening).

49
Q

SLIDE 25 false vocal cords

A
50
Q

What cartilages play a role in speech?

A

The arytenoid cartilages

51
Q

SLIDE 26 MALE PUBERTY

A
52
Q

What determines the loudness of voice?

A

The force of air over the vocal cords

53
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the vocal cords

54
Q

SLIDE 26 valsalva /Heimlich

A
55
Q

What are the rough dimensions of the trachea?

A

10-12cm long
2.5cm diameter

56
Q

Where do cilia move mucus in the trachea?

A

Up to the pharynx

57
Q

What does smoking do to the trachea?

A

It inhibits and destroys tracheal cilia, which means mucus has to be cleared by coughing

58
Q

What is submucosa made of in the trachea?

A

CT with seromucous glands

59
Q

What shape are the cartilage pieces in the trachea that hold up against air pressure?

A

C shaped

60
Q

Which bronchus is wider and shorter?

A

The right

61
Q

How many orders of branching are there in the bronchi

A

roughly 23

62
Q

What terms describe the branching of the bronchi?

A

Bronchial or respiratory tree

63
Q

What is the size of a bronchiole and terminal bronchiole?

A

Bronchiole = 1mm
Terminal = 0.5mm

64
Q

How do bronchi change as they become terminal bronchioles?

A

cartilage goes from rings to plates to none
epithelium goes from pseudostratified columnar to columnar to cuboidal
Smooth muscle becomes relatively less sizeable

65
Q

What do terminal bronchioles separate into?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

66
Q
A

ANP 1115 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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