Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANP 1115 Midterm 2 > Lec 6 > Flashcards

Lec 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three subsets of the immune system?

A
  1. Innate Immunity
  2. Disposal System
  3. Adaptive Immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two subsets of leukocytes?

A

Granular and Agranular leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

It is the presence of more than 11,000 leukocytes/ul of blood in response to an immune or inflammatory event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between the two types of leukocytes?

A

Granular leukocytes have granules visible when stained, and agranular ones don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of leukocyte takes up the largest part of the white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are phagocytes and what is their function? What type of leukocyte are they?

A

Phagocytes are cells that ingest and destroy bacteria. They are neutrophils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of leukocyte deals with parasitic worms, allergies, and asthma? What is the function?

A

Eosinophils surround unwanted bodies and release digestive enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What leukocyte is the rarest and releases histamines to attract other WBCs?

A

Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the second most common type of leukocytes, and what are the two types of it?

A

Lymphocytes are divided into T cells and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

In lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the largest leukocyte?

A

A monocyte.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between a T lymphocyte and a B lymphocyte?

A

T cells act directly against virus infected cells and tumor cells, where B cells give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of monocytes?

A

They are phagocytic to chronic infections, viruses, and some bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the formation of WBC process called?

A

leukopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the hormones that effect the production of leukocytes?

A

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two types of leukocyte stem cells? What types of leukocytes do they differentiate into?

A

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into granulocytes and lymphoid stem cells differentiate into agranulocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most undifferentiated form of stem cell in the leukopoiesis pathway?

A

Hemocytoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the lymphoid stem cell pathway?

A

Lymphoid stem cells turn into committed lymphoblasts, and eventually will give a product of lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two committed cell types that are derived from a myeloid stem cell?

A

A monoblast and a myeloblast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What cells turn into monocytes?

A

monoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the final products of myeloblasts?

A

eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does bone marrow STORE?

A

Mature granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) (roughly 10x what is found in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the lifespan of a granulocyte?

A

0.25-9 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does a monocyte become in the body?

A

A macrophage in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is likely to happen to T cells and B cells?

A

T cells will likely become Effector T cells, and B cells will become Plasma cells to grow antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is leukemia? What is the usual form it takes?

A

It is cancer of the WBCs where descendants of a cell remain unspecialized and mitotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What differentiates acute and chronic leukemia?

A

Acute leukemia is where the cancer happen in a blast phase, and chronic leukemia happens later in the leukopoiesis pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where else can leukemia affect the body other than the leukocyte process?

A

In the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the treatment for lukemia?

A

Irradiation, anti-leukemic drugs, bone marrow transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three types of leukocyte disorders?

A

Leukemia, Infectious mononucleosis, and leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis?

A

Mono, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, and causes excessive lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an abnormally low WBC count called?

A

Leukopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the immune system?

A

The innate defenses and the adaptive defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What mechanism drives the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocyte cell subpopulations carry out a targeted immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two types of adaptive defense responses? What cell types do they use?

A

Humoral Immunity uses B cells and Cellular immunity uses T cells

38
Q

What are the two types of innate defenses?

A

Surface barriers and Internal Defenses

39
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

40
Q

What does DAMP stand for?

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

41
Q

What molecular pattern deals with molecules that are not normally present in the body? Specifically what type of receptors are used where?

A

PAMPs use toll-like receptors on phagocytic cells

42
Q

What is the end result of the PAMP pattern?

A

Phagocytosis as well as inflammatory response and notification of the adaptive immune system

43
Q

What does the DAMP system recognize?

A

It recognizes molecules that are in the wrong place in our bodies

44
Q

What are the surface barrier innate defenses?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

45
Q

What are skin and mucous membranes protective characteristics and uses? (5)

A

1, Acidic deters bacterial growth
2. Contains Enzymes like lysozymes in saliva, as well as protein digesting enzymes in the stomach
3. Mucin are sticky traps in the respiratory and digestive pathways
4. Defensins, are anti-microbial peptides secreted
5. Other chemicals like lipids in sebum are toxic to bacteria

46
Q

What are 4 key signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

47
Q

What are the 4 functions of inflammation?

A
  1. Prevents the spread of microorganisms
  2. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  3. It sets the stage for the repair process
  4. It alerts the adaptive immune system
48
Q

How does inflammation relate to the types of bodily defenses?

A

Inflammation is an innate defense that can be amplified by an adaptive immune response

49
Q

What cells attract immune cells to a site of inflammation, as well as promote arteriole dilation and capillary leakiness? Give some examples

A

Inflammatory chemicals such as histamines or kinins

50
Q

What are the 4 steps of inflammation dealing with neutrophils?

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
51
Q

WHAT CAUSES PAIN DURING INFLAMMATION

A
52
Q

WHY IS INFLAMMATION A HELPFUL RESPONSE TO TISSUE INJURY

A
53
Q

What is leukocytosis in inflammation?

A

It is the entry of neutrophils into the bloodstream from the bone marrow

54
Q

What is margination?

A

It is neutrophils clinging to capillary walls

55
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

It is when neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries.

56
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

It is when the neutrophils follow a chemical trail.

57
Q

SLIDE 14

A
58
Q

What is interferon?

A

It is a substance that cells release when infected with a virus

59
Q

What does interferon do?

A

It activates antiviral proteins in healthy cells, which blocks viral protein synthesis and degrades the viral RNA

It also can activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells, which may play a role in anti-cancer

60
Q

INTERFERON DIAGRAMS

A
61
Q

What is a complement?

A

It is a group of at least 20 plasma proteins circulating in an inactive state

62
Q

What is an opsonin?

A

It is a substance that binds to foreign microorganisms making it more susceptible to phagocytosis

63
Q

SLIDE 18

A
64
Q

What substances cause fever?

A

Pyrogens

65
Q

What temperature is the human body at normally?

A

37.4 degrees C

66
Q

WHY IS HIGH FEVER DANGEROUS

A
67
Q

Why is a moderate fever helpful?

A

It speed up the metabolic rate, it also causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc

68
Q

What are natural killer cells? What defense system they a part of?

A

They are lymphocytes and are part of the innate immune system.

69
Q

What cells in the body expresses major histocompatibility complex 1?

A

all nucleated cells

70
Q

What do natural killer cells target?

A

Virus cells or cancer cells

71
Q

What two criteria need to be met for a natural killer cell to attack?

A

There has to be a stress marker and no MHC1

72
Q

What do the toll-like receptors on natural killer cells indicate?

A

They are activatable by PAMPs and DAMPs.

73
Q

What are the three leukocyte types involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages

74
Q

SLIDE 22

A
75
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Something capable of mobilizing adaptive defenses

76
Q

What is an antigenic determinant?

A

It is the part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system

77
Q

What is the purpose of the MHC?

A

It is a group of glycoproteins where self-antigens or foreign antigens can be inserted

78
Q

SLIDE 23

A
79
Q

What two things do T cells need to acquire when they mature? What percentage of T cell lymphocytes mature properly?

A

They need to acquire immunocompetence and self tolerance, which only happen 2 percent of the time.

80
Q

What happens if the T cell doesn’t recognize self-MHC? (immunocompetence) CHECK SLIDE 24!

A

Apoptosis

81
Q

What is the self-tolerance lymphocyte maturation step? Why is it important?

A

It means T cells must not recognize self antigens, if they do they will undergo apoptosis to avoid self-reactive T cells which cause autoimmune.

82
Q

Where do T cell lymphocyte precursors migrate?

A

The thymus

83
Q

Where to B cells mature?

A

The bone marrow

84
Q

What happens once B cells are immunocompetent?

A

They display a unique receptor which makes them able to react to one foreign antigen

85
Q

What immune response are B cells responsible for?

A

The humoral immune response

86
Q

Where do antigens usually challenge?

A

Lymph nodes or the spleen

87
Q

What do B cells turn into (effector B cells)?

A

Plasma Cells

88
Q

How long do plasma cells last?

A

4-5 days

89
Q

What do plasma cells release?

A

Antibodies

90
Q

How long do antibodies last in the body and what is their purpose?

A

Antibodies last 4-5 days and bind to antigens to mark them for destruction

91
Q

What are B cells called when they don’t turn into effector B cells?

A

memory cells

92
Q
A

ANP 1115 Midterm 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions