Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Zool 224 > Lec 8 > Flashcards

Lec 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptations to increase Buoyancy

A

Some vertebrates carry large quantities of oil, fat, and other substance less dense than water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adaptations to decrease buoyancy

A

some vertebrates have unusually thick and dense bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adaptations to flexible controls of buoyancy

A

Some fishes carry swim bladders with adjustable volume of gas

Wall of gas bladders contain guanine crystals, to prevent gas loss

Some derived fishes travel great vertical distances, loss their swim bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two types of gas regulation

A

Physostomus

Physoclistous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physostomus

A

Gas bladder is connected to the stomach via direct connection

Gulping air at surface to fill gas bladder

Burping air out via jawed mouth

Typically, gas bladder is filled at the surface before descend and released during ascend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physoclistous

A

Gas bladder is connected to a network of vessels called rete mirabile

Gas gland excretes lactic acid and carbon dioxide to lower pH at contact between rete mirabile and gas bladder

Hemoglobin releases oxygen due to low affinity at low pH

Sphincter of ovale allow gases to enter ovale, and reabsorbed into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Limitations of gas bladder

A

Contribute to barotrauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Barotrauma

A

Drastic changes in pressure lead to expansion of gas bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rule of thumb of Dr.Murray

A

Slow ascend at about 1 metre per hour, though some species can do up to 3 metres per hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Locomotion: The Manus Invisibia

Main fluid dynamic forces in the environment

A

Weight

Lift (must balance weight)

Drag (forward resistance)

Thrust (must overcome drag)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

From whence thou drag

A

The rate of removal of momentum from moving water by an immersed body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Drag is approximately proportional to

A

Density of fluid

Square of the velocity of the fluid

Cross section area of the immersed body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Challenges of vertebrates concerning thrust and drag

A

Thrust producing and drag inducing structures are inseperable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Undulation

A

Pushing backwards and sideways against the water with the tail, or with a travelling wave that moves along the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Backwards pushing creates

A

Thrust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sideways pushing is cancelled out by

A

The sweep of the tail or body in the opposite direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dynamic lift for buoyancy is possible with

A

Continuous movements, especially with a heterocercal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Curvature of body is represented as

A

Waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Level of undulation is represented as

A

Number of wavelengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three types of controls

A

Roll

Yaw

Pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All but … can be the primary structure of locomotion

A

Pelvic fins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Respiration usually occurs through

A

Flow through respiration with gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Water flow is generated by muscles of

Flow through respiration with gills

A

The pharynx in cyclostomes and muscles of the jaw in gnathostomes

24
Q

Gills are

Flow through respiration with gills

A

Thin sheets of soft tissues supported by skeletal system

25
Q

Gills are typically made of

Flow through respiration with gills

A

Primary and secondary lamellae which contact numerous blood vessels

26
Q

Water flow through gills lamellae with

Flow through respiration with gills

A

Massive total surface area

27
Q

At gill vessel interface

Flow through respiration with gills

A

Oxygen is extracted from external fluid and channeled to tissue cells

28
Q

More rare respiration

A

Ram ventilation

Air breathing in fishes

29
Q

Water flow is generated by

Ram ventilation

A

Swimming with mouth and operculum open

30
Q

Operculum

A

Bony cover of the gill

31
Q

Ram ventilation can

A

Save energy of using muscles of the jaw

32
Q

Oxygen is supplied from

Air breathing in fishes

A

Air through lung or accessory air breathing organs (ABO)

33
Q

Air breathing in fishes evolved in response to

A

Low level of oxygen in aquatic environments

34
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The process of maintaining both water and salt balance to prevent body fluids from becoming too concentrated or too diluted

35
Q

Key principle of osmosis

A

Equalization of concentrations

(moving from high to low concentration)

36
Q

Isosmolal

A

Being at equilibrium (Hagfish)

37
Q

Hyperosmolal

A

Body has higher concentration (freshwater fishes)

38
Q

Hyposmolal

A

Body fluid has lower concentration (sharks)

39
Q

Stenohaline

A

Narrow environmental tolerance

Fishes that live in marine or freshwater

40
Q

Euryhaline

A

Wider environmental tolerance

Fishes that migrate for breeding

41
Q

Adaptations to see better

A

Round lens with high reflective index

Lens is moved in and out to adjust visual focus

Supply oxygen to the retina to form sharp images

42
Q

Adaptations to lose the eye

A

Degenerate the eye tissue

Absence of the lens is crucial

43
Q

Typical ways to sniff under water

A

Blind nasohypophyseal pouch

Nasopharyngeal duct connected to pharynx

Enclosed nasal sac with incurrent and excurrent nostrils

44
Q

Lateral line anatomy

A

Neuromast organs with hair cells

Distributed on head, trunks and tail

Embryologically originated from ectodermal placodes

45
Q

Electroreception

A

Ability to detect external electric fields generated typically by muscle activities to other vertebrates

46
Q

Types of electroreception

A

Passive

Active

47
Q

Ampullary organs made of

Passive

A

Highly conductive gel surrounded by non-conductive wall

48
Q

Sensory cells extend into

Passive

A

The conductive gel to receive electric signals

49
Q

Typically concentrated on the

Passive

A

Head and mouth, but can be found on pectoral fins and rays

50
Q

Likely derived from

Passive

A

Lateral line placode

51
Q

Function for

Passive

A

Orientation, prey detection, social recognition

52
Q

Active organ

A

Electric discharge organ

53
Q

Homologous with the

active

A

Neuromast organ, not the ampullae

54
Q

Positive pole on the

active

A

Head

55
Q

Negative pole on the

A

Tail, forms electromagnetic field around the body with the head

56
Q

Function mostly to

Active

A

Locate prey

57
Q

Electrogenesis

A

Somewhat unique use of the electric discharge organ

Induce voluntary muscle controls in prey

Zool 224 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions