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Reproductive System > Lec 7 - getting pregnant > Flashcards

Lec 7 - getting pregnant Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in the epididymal maturation of sperm?

A
  1. On entry, spermatozoa are not capable of movement.
  2. Once at the tail of the epididymis, they are capable of movement and have the potential to fertilise.
  3. Addition of secretory products to surface of sperm.
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2
Q

What is the maturation of sperm dependent on?

A

It is dependent on support of the epididymis by androgens that are produced by the testes.

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3
Q

What makes up semen?

A

Semen = spermatozoa + seminal plasma

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4
Q

What is seminal plasma derived from?

A

Derived from accessory glands of the male reproductive tract.

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5
Q

What is the function of the semen?

A
  1. act as a transport medium.
  2. nutrition
  3. Buffering capacity
  4. plays a role for prostaglandins in stimulating muscular activity in the female tract.
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6
Q

Describe the composition of the seminal vesicles?

A
  • alkaline fluid (neutralises the acid: male urethra and female reproductive tract)
  • fructose, prostaglandins, clotting factors (particularly semenogelin)
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7
Q

Describe the composition of the prostate gland?

A
  • milky, slightly acidic fluid
  • proteolytic enzymes ( to breakdown clotting proteins, re-liquefying semen in 10-20 mins)
  • citric acid, acid phosphotase.
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8
Q

What is the normal volume of ejaculate in semen?

A

2-6 mL

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9
Q

What is the normal viscosity of semen?

A

liquefaction in one hour

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10
Q

What is the normal pH of semen?

A

7-8

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11
Q

What is the normal count of semen?

A

greater than or equal to 20 million per ml

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12
Q

What is the normal motility of semen?

A

greater than or equal to 50%

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13
Q

What is the normal morphology of semen?

A

60% normal

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14
Q

What is the normal fertilisation site?

A

The ampulla of the uterine tube.

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15
Q

What are the different phases of the human sexual response?

A
  1. excitement phase - psychogenic and/ or somatogenic stimuli.
  2. plateau phase
  3. orgasm phase
  4. resolution phase - This is the return to the haemodynamic norm followed by a refractory period in males.
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16
Q

What does an erection require?

A
  • sinusoidal relaxation
  • arterial dilation
  • venous compression
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17
Q

what are stimulants of an erection?

A
  1. psychogenic

2. tactile - sensory afferents of penis and perineum.

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18
Q

What are efferents of an erection?

A
  1. somatic and autonomic efferents.
    - –> pelvic nerve (PNS)
    - –> Pudendal nerve (somatic)
  • These result in haemodynamic changes.
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19
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the male genital system?

A
  1. fibres —> lumbar and sacral spinal nerves.
  2. Pelvic nerve and pelvic plexus.
  3. Cavernous nerve to corpora and vasculature.
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20
Q

What is the neurophysiology of an erection?/

A
  1. inhibition of sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictor nerves.
  2. Activation of the PNS.
  3. Activation of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic, autonomic nerves to arteries releasing nitric oxide.
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21
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in an erection?

A
  1. post-ganglionic fibres release acetylcholine.
  2. Acetylcholine bonds to M3 receptor on endothelial cells.
  3. A rise in the intracellular calcium ion concentration leads to the activation of NOS and the formation of NO.
  4. NO then diffuses into vascular smooth muscle and causes relaxation - vasodilation.
  5. NO is also released directly from nerves.
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22
Q

What does erectile dysfunction cause?

A
  1. psychological cause —> descending inhibition of spinal reflexes.
  2. Tears in fibrous tissue of the corpora cavernosa.
  3. vascular (arterial and venous)
  4. Drugs.
23
Q

Describe the chemical pathway to an erection.

A
  1. sexual stimulation.
  2. nitrergic nerves and endothelium activate nitric oxide.
  3. Nitric oxide then activates guanylyl cyclase.
  4. Guanylyl cyclase converts GTP to cGMP.
  5. cGMP then activates PKG.
  6. PKG activates vasodilation.
  7. Vasodilation results in penile erection.
24
Q

What does viagra do?

A

Viagra slows the rate at which cGMP is degraded, so can sustain an erection for longer.

25
Q

How can you end up with an inactive product instead of penile erection?

A
  1. GTP is converted to cGMP.

2. PDE V converts cGMP to an inactive product.

26
Q

What is the first male sexual response?

A

erection

27
Q

What is the second male sexual response?

A

Emission and ejaculation

28
Q

What is the third male sexual response?

A

Ejaculation

29
Q

What kind of control is emission and ejaculation under?

A

sympathetic control

30
Q

What is emission?

A
  • This is the movement of semen into prostatic urethra.

- Also involves the contraction of smooth muscle in the prostate, vas deferens and seminal vesicles.

31
Q

What is ejeculation?

A

This is the expulsion of semen.

32
Q

What happens in ejaculation?

A
  1. Contraction of glands and ducts.

2. Bladder internal sphincter contracts —> This prevents retrograde ejaculation.

33
Q

What happens in ejaculation?

A
  1. Contraction of glands and ducts.
  2. Bladder internal sphincter contracts —> This prevents retrograde ejaculation.
  3. There are rhythmic stratal muscle contractions which involve the pelvic floor and perineal muscles ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus.
34
Q

What is the autonomic control of an erection?

A
  1. sympathetic —> inhibition, resulting in reduction of tone at arterioles.
  2. parasympathetic —> active
35
Q

What is the autonomic control of ejaculation?

A

sympathetic —> It is active and in ducts.

36
Q

What tests are used to observe the menstrual cycle changes in the female tract?

A
  1. fern test
  2. Spinnbarkeit mucus
    - stretch mucus between two fingers, if fertilisation has occurs would be thick and therefore not stretch.
37
Q

What is oestrogen like appearance wise?

A

thin
sticky
good for movement of male gamete through it.

38
Q

What is oestrogen and progesterone like appearance wise?

A

Thick
sticky
forms a plug —> acts as a mechanical barrier to the entrance of the female tract.

39
Q

What is capacitation?

A
  • This is the further maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract —> takes around 6-8 hours.
40
Q

What is capacitation?

A
  • This is the further maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract —> takes around 6-8 hours.
  • The sperm cell membrane changes to allow fusion with oocyte cell surface.
  • Tail movement changes from beat to whip like action.
  • It is now capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction.
41
Q

How is the oocyte transported?

A

By the beating of the cilia and peristalsis of the uterine tube.

42
Q

How is the sperm transported?

A

By its own propulsion.

43
Q

what is the fertile window for spermatozoa?

A

48-72 hours

44
Q

Describe an overview of the events that happen in fertilisation?

A
  1. It occurs normally in the ampulla of the uterine tubes.
  2. It normally requires the loss of the sperm outer shell which is the acrosome.
  3. There is penetration of the ovum membrane, fusion of the ova and the sperm membrane.
  4. Eventually there is then the formation and fusion of pronuclei.
45
Q

What is the acrosomes origin and function?

A
  • The acrosome is derived from the Golgi region of the developing spermatid.
  • It contains enzymes
  • It is necessary for fertilisation
46
Q

what happens in the acrosome reaction?

A
  1. Sperm pushes through the corona radiata.
  2. There is then the binding of the sperm surface receptor to ZP3 glycoprotein of zona pellucida.
  3. This triggers the acrosome reaction.
  4. Digestion of zona pellucida, which is a big thick glycoprotein wall.
47
Q

What happens in fertilisation?

A
  • one sperm penetrates leading to the fusion of plasma membranes.
  • There is then a cortical reaction which blocks polyspermy.
  • The completion of meiosis II also occurs in fertilisation.
48
Q

How is the completion of meiosis II done in fertilisation?

A
  1. There are a series of calcium waves that are activated following the fusion of oocyte and sperm membranes.
  2. The resumption of meiosis II occurs.
  3. Pronuclei move together.
  4. Mitotic spindle forms leading to cleavage.
49
Q

What is a morula?

A
  • Morula is a solid ball of cells that result from the division of a fertilised ovum and from which a blastula is formed.
  • each cell at this stage of development is totipotent meaning they have the capacity to become any cell type.
50
Q

What are some examples of assisted reproductive technology?

A
  1. Oocytes may be fertilised in vitro and allowed to divide to the 4 or 8 cell stage.
    - the morula is then transferred into the uterus.
  2. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
    - This is when a cell can be safely removed from the morula and tested for serious heritable conditions prior to transfer of the embryo into the mother.
51
Q

What is ectopic implantation?

A
  • This is implantation at sites other than the endometrium lined uterine cavity.
  • Invasion is not controlled.
52
Q

What part interacts with the endometrium?

A

The outer cells mass (trophoblast) interacts with the endometrium.

53
Q

What controls the degree of invasion?

A

The endometrium

54
Q

What can implantation in lower uterine segment?

A

Placenta praevia.

Reproductive System (8 decks)

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